Persian Language and Literature
Hashem Sadeghi Mohsenabad
Abstract
The present paper aims to critically analyze the book “An Exploration of the Sociology of Literature” written by Farhang Ershad. It was found that the book’s content is not reliable because of the lack of deep knowledge of literary terms, the mixing of literary theories and schools, ...
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The present paper aims to critically analyze the book “An Exploration of the Sociology of Literature” written by Farhang Ershad. It was found that the book’s content is not reliable because of the lack of deep knowledge of literary terms, the mixing of literary theories and schools, and the lack of adequate understanding of literary movements, styles, and types. This is especially true, given the fact that it is published as a textbook. For the above reasons, some of the sociologically-related literary theories and movements were disregarded. The works under study were not properly chosen because of the lack of a deep understanding of literary works. In some cases, the reasons for the discussion of the sociological issues in literature were not provided, and even some preliminary key literary questions, such as literary genres in the sociology of literature, remained unanswered. Different mistakes about literary issues indicated that the author has not benefited from literary advice in doing the research.
Educational Science
Naser Shirbagi
Abstract
The book “Educational Management: Theory, Research, and Practice”, authored by Ali Shirazi, has been an attempt to address the lack of educational management resources. The purpose of this review is to analyze and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the book. It is a good work, ...
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The book “Educational Management: Theory, Research, and Practice”, authored by Ali Shirazi, has been an attempt to address the lack of educational management resources. The purpose of this review is to analyze and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the book. It is a good work, but it also suffers from shortcomings that can add to the richness of the book’s discussions. The author of the book has appropriately used the terms and the equivalence of foreign words, with few exceptions, which are acceptable in accordance with the approved headings. The content is consistent with Islamic and Iranian values. The book does not deal with the history of the field and theories in educational management; it does not examine the major published works of educational management and thus does not provide a comprehensive picture of educational management in Iran and the world. Also, epistemological advances in educational management and knowledge production have not been made in previous centuries. Unfortunately, unlike the good title of the book, it is unlikely that students will be able to read a comprehensive understanding of the unique features of educational management and a systematic understanding of applied and theoretical knowledge in the field. It is hoped that the next edition will promote the development of new topics in the field of educational management in order to assist in the preparation of the curriculum for school leaders.
Arabic Language and Literature
Malik Abdi
Abstract
Criticism, as a surgical process of literary texts, seeks to express the weaknesses of scientific works and then to explain the strengths and highlight their positive aspects. As one of the meanings of critique in the Arabic word is to take the bird’s grain and beak it to remove the healthy ...
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Criticism, as a surgical process of literary texts, seeks to express the weaknesses of scientific works and then to explain the strengths and highlight their positive aspects. As one of the meanings of critique in the Arabic word is to take the bird’s grain and beak it to remove the healthy grain and to remove the defective and rotten grain. The science of syntax as one of the important disciplines of linguistics has been a strategic weapon of explorers of literary texts, and has always been considered by thinkers to provide critique and to write about scientific compositions. The book under review is an attempt to document some of the syntactic titles presented in the book "Mughni al-Adib", which is itself a new version of "Mughni al-Labib" by Ibn Hisham Ansari. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method, and the results indicate that there is almost no trace of modernity in reasoning, and the presentation had solid and convincing approach in work. The explanations given by the author under the title of "syntactic revolution" are generally either incorrect, or quoting one of the famous opinions of its predecessors without mentioning their opinion, or attributing some of these opinions to themselves as a new argument and It is the syntactic initiative of the author. The rhythm of the book is also slow, monotonous and boring, and it does not have an attractive shape in terms of writing and processing. Thora’s syntactic book is generally an undocumented, unsubstantiated quasi-scientific work that is far removed from the reference system and is in fact, an unstable and weakened version of important sources in the field.
political science
Mohammad Shojaeian
Abstract
The crisis that arose as a result of the decline of the Abbasid caliphate in the middle of the seventh century AH for Sunni political thought continued for centuries. This crisis in the tenth century for a prominent thinker named Roozbehan Khonji, a prominent Sunni theorist, led to the attempt to revive ...
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The crisis that arose as a result of the decline of the Abbasid caliphate in the middle of the seventh century AH for Sunni political thought continued for centuries. This crisis in the tenth century for a prominent thinker named Roozbehan Khonji, a prominent Sunni theorist, led to the attempt to revive the caliphate by appealing to the kings who held political power in his time, rather than concerning religion. The book The Political Thought of Khonji, The Wandering Faqih examines the views and ideas of Khonji as one of the last representatives of Sunni thought in Iranian society. The present article is both a critical reading of the views of "Sheikh Khonj" and a critical review of the book. This study is organized in four parts. Criticism of the author's approach to the Safavieh rule, critical study of Khonji's opposition to Shiite political rule and anti-Iranian elements of his views are among the points that are emphasized in the present study. Also, the theory of domination, which is presented as political realism and the reduction of the epistemological position of political thought is one of the challenges that will be sought.
Management and Policy Making
Alireza Banagar; Zahra Saeedi Ramiani; Nadi Alizadeh; Faranak Paydar
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review and critique the book entitled Measuring and Managing Organizational Culture Tools and Methods for Improvement the Work of Mahdi Ebrahimi Blani, Vida Rashidi and Saeed Shahbazmoradi. This work has been written in the field of management and organizational culture ...
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The purpose of this article is to review and critique the book entitled Measuring and Managing Organizational Culture Tools and Methods for Improvement the Work of Mahdi Ebrahimi Blani, Vida Rashidi and Saeed Shahbazmoradi. This work has been written in the field of management and organizational culture and has been set up in four chapters and a preface. In the process of critique and evaluation of this book, the criteria and indicators of critique are used in accordance with the model provided by the Iranian council for reviewing books and text on human sciences. In this regard, this book is evaluated in terms of method and then in terms of content and structure. Also, book improvements are charged to enrich the book and opening the other fields of research. The result of studying this work showed that the authors of the book can increase the credibility of the work by observing the principles of reference in the expression of texts and tables and also by combining the work with Islamic texts and by structural and content review of the work can add to the richness of the work.
Jurisprudence and Law
ehsan shahsavari; Mehdi Hatami
Abstract
Consular protection is a mechanism for protecting the rights of nationals deprived of liberty in foreign countries. The state-oriented reading of this phenomenon does not provide a comprehensive obligation to protect the nationals and make it a matter of discretion for the concerned state. A fundamental ...
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Consular protection is a mechanism for protecting the rights of nationals deprived of liberty in foreign countries. The state-oriented reading of this phenomenon does not provide a comprehensive obligation to protect the nationals and make it a matter of discretion for the concerned state. A fundamental shift of international law and moving toward elementary considerations of humanity and the priority of human rights protection highlights the need for a dynamic reading of this phenomenon. Due to the increasing number of Iranians moving to foreign countries and the probability of undermining their rights by the host state, it is essential to verify the legal basis and practice of Iran in this matter. The aim of this article is to examine the evolution of consular protection in the context of VCCR, preliminary negotiations for the preparation of this convention, and precedent and legal doctrine. Considering Iran, the existing legal bases are incomplete and critical and do not provide decisive support to Iranian nationals. The practice of the state and the political will to comply with these legal obligations are critical, and the need for active involvement in this matter is felt.
Anthropology
Parvin Ghasemi
Abstract
The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that ...
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The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that science, research, and anthropology have contributed to colonization. Pieces of evidence of inhumane research by British colonists in New Zealand on the Maori are presented in the book. This book shows that, in the face of numerous struggles that the Maori tribes have made with the colonists, today, the meaning and application of “research” have become different from the past, and they welcomed “research” with open arms. According to the evidence, the main culprit is not “research” but the economic and political ambitions of the colonial countries that overshadow the name of research and anthropology. The Maoris always in particular and the Polynesians generally are introduced and identified from the perspective of foreign anthropologists, But in this book, she is a Maori woman who writes and records and expresses her opinion and analysis of the past and anthropology. In this book, is not to be seen anti-colonialist view of the West or colonialism in the light of their understanding of the Maori. This issue is less addressed in anti-colonial works. Writing about the Maori themselves and their wounds will help to improve the situation, but it does not require us to understand the West and colonize from a careful perspective and pay attention to the subjective layers.
History
Yazdan Farrokhi
Abstract
The great Prophet of Islam (PBUH) always invited his followers to unity based on Quranic concepts, but the new Umma of the Islamic Foundation, shortly after the death of the Prophet (PBUH), broke away from those teachings, and one of the consequences was the killing of Muslims by each other. The roots ...
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The great Prophet of Islam (PBUH) always invited his followers to unity based on Quranic concepts, but the new Umma of the Islamic Foundation, shortly after the death of the Prophet (PBUH), broke away from those teachings, and one of the consequences was the killing of Muslims by each other. The roots of this disconnection have always been considered by researchers and much research has been done in this field. The aim of this article is to critically evaluate the book "After the Prophet" in which the author has tried to clarify various aspects of the issue in line with previous research and in a different way. To what extent has the method of advancing and conducting this research been successful in explaining the research problem? It seems that the author, while observing the principles of historical research, has used areas such as psychology, cinema, fiction, anthropology and has studied the historical roots of the current crisis of Muslims in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. The result of the present article, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, shows that the importance of the book under review is, above all, in the interdisciplinary approach and the author's new way of expressing the research problem, which has created a new effect. However, some views have been raised and the methods of advancing the research need to be reviewed.
Jurisprudence and Law
Abdol Hossein Rezaei Rad
Abstract
According to its most famous definitions, jurisprudence is based on the science of expressing and deducing judgments on their reasons, and the sources of jurisprudence and the textbooks of this field of humanities have not left any effort in expressing religious judgments and their reasons, but have ...
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According to its most famous definitions, jurisprudence is based on the science of expressing and deducing judgments on their reasons, and the sources of jurisprudence and the textbooks of this field of humanities have not left any effort in expressing religious judgments and their reasons, but have proven experience. Due to the fact that the rulings are applicable in a variety of social and historical conditions, it is feasible and viable. Reasons alone are not enough, and the reason for the sentences and method of its implementation is significant, but unfortunately in the jurisprudential works, especially the Shiite jurisprudential works which include being afraid of divorce from divine commandments and falling into the trap of analogy and tastes, little has been done on these two categories. This research tries to increase the efficiency of the sources of jurisprudence and the strategies of the studies in this field and the need to address these two categories and the consequences of neglecting them in the sources and texts of jurisprudence. The present paper makes an attempt, through examples and actual examples as two important strategies, to increase the efficiency and outcome of jurisprudential texts and, at the same time, to highlight the damage of extremes in the methodology and causality of sentences.
Sociology
Siavash Gholipour
Abstract
The book Ethnicity and Ethnocentrism: Myth and Reality is a narrative about the conflicts of ethnic groups in Iran after the First World War until the last decades of the 14th century. According to the author, ethnicity and ethnic groups are modern categories and have no history in Iran. The three factors ...
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The book Ethnicity and Ethnocentrism: Myth and Reality is a narrative about the conflicts of ethnic groups in Iran after the First World War until the last decades of the 14th century. According to the author, ethnicity and ethnic groups are modern categories and have no history in Iran. The three factors of the centralist and authoritarian state, the utilitarianism of the elites and the international forces played a role in the emergence of these conflicts and the formation of ethnicity. The book examines ethnicity and ethnocentrism in the context of internal and external political and social relations; It also shows the constructiveness of ethnic nationalism based on abundant historical data. In line with the book's themes, the author introduces inclusive government, highlighting cultural commonalities, and de-escalation policies as appropriate strategies for dealing with Iran's multicultural situation. There are criticisms of this work that can be mentioned as follows: the book has used different approaches without combining them and lacks paradigm coherence; Like positivists, it seeks a criterion for determining the boundaries of ethnicity, but there is no such criterion; All the arguments of the book in the direction of the construction of ethnicity are also applicable to national identity, but the author is silent about this and falls into a kind of national essentialism; It downplays the role of economic policies and development plans in ethnic conflicts; Finally, it neglects the impact of modern social change and the inevitable presence of the "other" in the formation of ethnicity.
Management and Policy Making
Mojgan Roshannejad
Abstract
As a result of the growth and development of communication and information technologies, as well as the increasing use of smart tools connected to the Internet, a huge amount of digital data is produced every moment. Human resource (HR) analytics is necessary for the intelligent use of this data to improve ...
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As a result of the growth and development of communication and information technologies, as well as the increasing use of smart tools connected to the Internet, a huge amount of digital data is produced every moment. Human resource (HR) analytics is necessary for the intelligent use of this data to improve Human Resource Management (HRM) decisions. HR analytics has descriptive, diagnostic, and predictive types introduced as analytics maturity models. Considering the HR analytics maturity model and the five functions of Human Resource Management, this article uses the systematic implication research method to review and criticize the book “Data-Driven HR: How to Use Analytics and Metrics to Drive Performance” by Bernard Marr. This book is translated into Persian by Pirannejad and Faraji Jobedar. The implications show that the book can be improved by enriching the scientific theoretical foundations of HRM topics. In addition, this could be improved through closer attention to the levels of HR analytics.
Persian Language and Literature
M.Mostafa Resalatpanahi; Hossien Ghorbanpour
Abstract
Mohammad RezāKhabushāni, also known as Naw'i Khabushāni (970- 1019 AH), a famous poet in tenth century and the beginning of the eleventh century, was one of the indisputable masters of Persian literature in Indian peninsula.The poetry of his poems was published in 1374 by Amir-Hossein Zākerzādeh ...
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Mohammad RezāKhabushāni, also known as Naw'i Khabushāni (970- 1019 AH), a famous poet in tenth century and the beginning of the eleventh century, was one of the indisputable masters of Persian literature in Indian peninsula.The poetry of his poems was published in 1374 by Amir-Hossein Zākerzādeh and the efforts of Ahmad Karami by Mā publication in Tehran. In this print, there are many shortcomings, distortions, weaknesses, and mistakes that often result from possible defects in handwriting or bad readiness and timeliness. These same factors have reduced the accuracy of this print and the poetry’s Naw'i that go away from the accuracy and eloquence.With the help of the older and more authoritative handwritten copies of the Divān, some of the mistakes in the poet’s poem can be corrected and revised.This research is a critical analysis and survey and checking of some of his poems, in which the writers criticized the abundance of his verses by holding two handwritten copies of the court of this poet and comparing it with the text of the Divan And have concluded that the current edition of the Divān has been taken without the use of scientific methods of correction and in no way worthy and deserving of this poet is not capable.
Methodology
Ali Reza Farsi Nezhad
Abstract
Numerous books have been written or translated on the “relationship between science and religion” or “the relationship between science and theology.” One of these books is “The Relevance of Natural Science to Theology” by William H. Austin. This book is one of the ...
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Numerous books have been written or translated on the “relationship between science and religion” or “the relationship between science and theology.” One of these books is “The Relevance of Natural Science to Theology” by William H. Austin. This book is one of the few books that deals with the relationship between natural science and theology in a specialized and detailed way. The book has been translated by Ali Haqqi as “Relation of Natural Science to Theology”. The author sought to translate the content of the book into Persian, but found the translation so vague, inaccurate, and erroneous that he preferred to criticize the book’s translation in a critical-analytical way instead of criticizing the book’s content. The translation of this book is not suitable for any textbook or even a research source. Providing such translations with this volume of errors, for publication by the esteemed translator, and for publication by the esteemed publisher without prior professional judgment or at least without eliminating the apparent flaws should be seriously taken into account.
Educational Science
Parvin Samadi
Abstract
One of the basic functions of the education system is to pay attention to the principles of education, and in this regard, teaching is an art, so teachers need to how to teach with quality. The compilation of the book Teaching Methods and Techniques is one of the scientific endeavors that this research ...
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One of the basic functions of the education system is to pay attention to the principles of education, and in this regard, teaching is an art, so teachers need to how to teach with quality. The compilation of the book Teaching Methods and Techniques is one of the scientific endeavors that this research aims to criticize. This study was carried out by the method of critical philosophical exploration in the critique of the mentioned book, compiled by Manouchehr Vakilian, 16th edition, in 2016. The study tool was a review of academic textbooks and reviews of the Humanities Textbook Council. Based on the findings, the benefits of book’s format analysis include cover design, typography, good print, and book quality. The strengths of the content analysis include content fit for the course objectives, good coverage of approved subject headings, and book-level fit. Academic students of Payam-e Noor are partly responsive to scientific and applied needs, paying attention to theoretical foundations and subjective assumptions, observing scientific and ethical principles, and adapting to religious and Islamic principles and principles. Formal and substantive deficiencies in the work include inadequate referral status, weak criticism and analysis, outdated sources, and data.
Archaeology
Sajjad Alibaigi
Abstract
During the excavation at Tappeh Pardis in Varamin, North of the central plateau, several heating structures have been discovered, which were called pottery kiln. Considering the accumulation of this type of structure in the eastern part of the site, they have assumed that these structures are specialized ...
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During the excavation at Tappeh Pardis in Varamin, North of the central plateau, several heating structures have been discovered, which were called pottery kiln. Considering the accumulation of this type of structure in the eastern part of the site, they have assumed that these structures are specialized ceramic production in the intensive industrial area of the fifth millennium BC. Therefore, these structures were called the first kilns of this period on the central plateau of Iran. In this article, I try to show, based on several archaeological evidence, that this notion is not correct, and all the interpretations presented on the basis of this evidence should be reviewed. The heating structures from Tappeh Pardis are not unique in the prehistory of Iran, and their samples have been obtained in excavations of several sites, which are also within the settlement area and clearly show the type of ovens. In fact, when the discovered structures are not kilns, the tangible archaeological evidence to belong them as workshops is low, and it would not be possible to accept that large-scale specialized activities, especially in relation to production and bake pottery, have been done in this part. These structures are located among the architectural spaces and various materials like pottery, beads, oyster, Sling, Token, Clay Spindle, bones, etc. have been discovered in there. In fact, the excavator cannot describe the type and function of the kiln and cannot explain the presence of Tokens, Slings and Clay Spindle, baked pottery, animal bone, and carbonized Cereals in excavated deposits? Moreover, how can there be baked pottery and Slag, as well as Slings, flakes, and unbaked tokens? This evidence is enough to doubt the function of structures as a kiln. The documents show that the structures do not have function as kiln, According to them, it is impossible to establish a direct relationship between the nature of the Tappeh Pardis and changes in the social levels of the community. Therefore, it cannot be accepted that these structures are related to the form and structure of society and systems that Fazelin-Neshi and his colleagues called them classified society, elites, and chiefdoms.
Jurisprudence and Law
Azad Rezaei
Abstract
One of the most important issues in constitutional law is the “Political Regimes”. In the division of political regimes, special attention is paid to totalitarianism. However, the source of inspiration for jurists to discuss political regimes is the views of political thinkers, because this ...
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One of the most important issues in constitutional law is the “Political Regimes”. In the division of political regimes, special attention is paid to totalitarianism. However, the source of inspiration for jurists to discuss political regimes is the views of political thinkers, because this issue has political nature. By studying of the political writings in this field, we realize that the theories of political thinkers are different from the views of jurists such as Abolfazl Ghazi and Seyyed Mohammad Hashemi. Here the criterion for discussion should be the writings of thinkers such as Hannah Arendt who have grown up in totalitarian regimes and have focused on this area. Review of the writings of these thinkers reveals that totalitarianism as a new example of the domination system in the last two centuries has features such as having a social basis, the existence of a single party, and is the same as the mass monarchy. In addition, totalitarianism is very different from dictatorship in terms of how the Rulers come to power, the need or not of popular support, the type of Rulerʼs relationship with other officials and so on. However, in the books of Constitutional Law Summary and Constitutional Law and Political Structures, totalitarianism is considered as one of the characteristics of mass monarchy and on the other hand, in the second work, totalitarianism is equated with dictatorship.
political science
Majid Ostovar
Abstract
The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 criticized many theories of the revolution and again focused research on the revolution on humanities scholars. So far, this revolution has been studied from economic, political, psychological, social classes, cultural and discourse perspectives, and each of them ...
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The Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979 criticized many theories of the revolution and again focused research on the revolution on humanities scholars. So far, this revolution has been studied from economic, political, psychological, social classes, cultural and discourse perspectives, and each of them has proposed new perspectives on the study of the Islamic Revolution. One of them is the book "Revolution in Iran: The Roots of Turmoil" which is written by Mehran Kamerva and published in 1990 by Routledge Publications. Combining the sociological theories of the revolution with psychological and political theories and constructing a multidisciplinary approach to the Iranian revolution, he studies the policies of the government and the political field before the revolution and believes that the Pahlavi regime, after limiting economic ambitions. In the late 1970s and the diplomatic pressures of its main ally, the United States began to decay. Thus, groups and social classes disillusioned with modernization, using the open political space and Shiite ideology and leadership of the clergy, found revolutionary characteristics and with the weakness of the Shah and the regime's repressive forces were able to overthrow the Pahlavi government and replace it with a new political system. In this article, an attempt is made to critique the book based on the methodology of phenomenological sociology and the concept of symbolic mentality.
Anthropology
Amir Qorbanpoor Lafmejani
Abstract
Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome ...
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Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome inferiority and attain perfection in life, by relying on free will. Also, man is inherently neutral to moral values, and moral values are not real. According to the anthropological view of this theorist and the social and cultural conditions of his life, which is fundamentally different from the Iranian Islamic society, it is necessary to criticize and examine this theory according to the intellectual foundations of Islam. From the Islamic point of view, man is a two-dimensional being whose relation is not limited to the social environment and is also related to himself, God, and nature. Also, the human will is in line with the will of God, and as a result of this will, he is responsible for his behaviors. According to Islam, the purpose of life is to worship and a nearness to God. That is, if all the behaviors of a Muslim man are for God and His pleasure, that is, his intention to do things is only God’s pleasure, he will approach God, and the purpose of his creation will be achieved.
Arabic Language and Literature
Mousa Arabi
Abstract
Due to its unique features and emergence of new concepts and meanings after the revelation of Quran, Arabic language has been the center of attention by the semantic experts from the beginning until the contemporary era. Among contemporary linguists and syntax analysts, Fazel Sameraii has also written ...
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Due to its unique features and emergence of new concepts and meanings after the revelation of Quran, Arabic language has been the center of attention by the semantic experts from the beginning until the contemporary era. Among contemporary linguists and syntax analysts, Fazel Sameraii has also written some works, one of which is the book “Al-jomlat ol-Arabia val-Mani”. In this study, it has been tried to investigate and analyze this book in terms of both form and content. The results of the study show that this book is in line with the Islamic approaches, and the writer also has control of the authentic resources. In understanding Arabic sentences, Sameraii has used constructivist semantics. He also exploited role-oriented linguistics by making use of Maqam and style symmetry. Although he could not propose a comprehensive approach to the role of symmetrical relationships in semantics like Tamam Hasan, who developed the theory of symmetrical correlation, he mentioned the role of each symmetry in its own place, which was a success. However, in terms of form, the book lacks rudimentary and didactic tools. As well as the strengths, some suggestions have been provided concerning the weak points.
Art
Zeinab Tamassoki; Mehrdad Qayyoomi
Abstract
This paper attempts to extend Ladislav Kesner and Richard Elbridge's insights toward collectivist explanation in art historiography in response to Branko Mitrovic's critique in Rage and Denials. A counterexample situation in architectural historiography is propounded to elucidate how a collectivist ...
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This paper attempts to extend Ladislav Kesner and Richard Elbridge's insights toward collectivist explanation in art historiography in response to Branko Mitrovic's critique in Rage and Denials. A counterexample situation in architectural historiography is propounded to elucidate how a collectivist explanation in a moderate realist form is not only apt but, in some cases, inevitable. It relies on our primary claim, the possibility of some non-essentialist, non-ideological, non-deterministic and non-egocentric collectivist explanations, regarding the main faults assigned to collectivist stances in art historiography by Branko Mitrovic. The Counterexample situation explains the possible actions not implemented and decisions not taken in designing a building. In addition to the choices that led to the final formulation of the artwork, one must also consider the other options available, those possible choices that were left out, to clarify feasible limitations and, conversely, the choices that led to the emergence of the work. Even considering that all final decisions merely result from chemical interactions in actors' brains, one cannot judge alternative options the same way, some of which did not even occur in the artist's mind or the network of agents involved. The repetition of dismissing these alternative options during a long-durée, thus the formation of a pattern, cannot be explained by the individualistic stance proposed by Mitrovic.
Jurisprudence and Law
Naser Ghasemi
Abstract
Medicine is a science that human beings have accepted for a long time, felt its necessity on people’s lives, and used it a lot. Among these applications is the intersection of medicine with the very important subject of judgment and various legal issues such as Forensic Medicine. In other words, ...
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Medicine is a science that human beings have accepted for a long time, felt its necessity on people’s lives, and used it a lot. Among these applications is the intersection of medicine with the very important subject of judgment and various legal issues such as Forensic Medicine. In other words, Forensic Medicine is rooted in ancient times and ancient civilizations such as Sumer, Babylon, especially the Hammurabi era and among nations, especially ancient Iran. Time has also brought about significant changes in this area. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, various sciences such as medicine have achieved significant growth and prosperity; forensic medicine has evolved along with these advances and has enjoyed a very important place in both theoretical and practical dimensions in all countries. Benefiting from this science means applying medical knowledge in various fields, including social, medical affairs, as well as law and justice that the latter realm is the most important one because, on the one hand, it has linked medicine, jurisprudence, laws, and regulations to each other, and on the other hand, it has led to connections between specialists in various medical fields and related fields with the judiciary and lawyers. Relying on specialized theories and legal criteria, Forensic Medicine answers various questions, ambiguities, and challenges related to different civil and criminal matters about individuals and their circumstances, including suspicions, damages, and defendants through liability, damages, and penalties, legal issues, accidents and crimes occur, the rights of individuals and society, the strengthening of scientific knowledge of judges, researchers and law students and also it helps a lot and in order to perform its duties to prepare certificates and reports and provide effective advice.
History
Abolhasan Fayaz Anush
Abstract
In Sapiens; A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari the 200.000 years of history of sapiens has been presented to the reader as an appendix to the 13.500.000.000 years of the world history. Sapiens covers numerous topics in the fields of humanities and non-humanities. However, considering that ...
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In Sapiens; A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari the 200.000 years of history of sapiens has been presented to the reader as an appendix to the 13.500.000.000 years of the world history. Sapiens covers numerous topics in the fields of humanities and non-humanities. However, considering that the subtitle of the book claims to present human history, this article deals only with the historical critique of this work, that is, the methodological approach and the critique of the author’s historical theory, and will critique the methodological capacities of this book from the perspective of critical philosophy of history and its theoretical discussions from the position of evolutionary creationism. Focusing on the content of the book and the authors method, this article deals with three sections: 1) prehistoric period; from 13.5 billion years ago to the invention of calligraphy in 5.000 years ago 2) historical period; from the invention of calligraphy until now, and 3) posthistoric period; human future. According to the critical view of this article, the words mystery, history and minatory refer to these three periods, respectively.
political science
Amir Abbasi Khoshkar
Abstract
The book “United States of Socialism” by Dinesh D'Souza is written in six chapters focusing on the critique of socialist thinking at the economic and social levels in American society using a neoconservative approach. The author of the book is one of the pro-Trump journalistic elites who ...
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The book “United States of Socialism” by Dinesh D'Souza is written in six chapters focusing on the critique of socialist thinking at the economic and social levels in American society using a neoconservative approach. The author of the book is one of the pro-Trump journalistic elites who sees socialists like Bernie Sanders as the cause of the formation of a maximum government and an obstacle to economic freedom. According to the author of the book, the identity-oriented socialism of Sanders supporters widens the social divide in American society. The most important contextual critiques of the present book can be found in the lack of attention to the inherent crisis of the American capitalist system that has widened the economic and social gaps in American society, as well as superficiality in the critiques of the arguments of American socialists. Reproduction of the status quo leads to summary. D'Souza interprets the social and economic demands of American society in terms of his politicized approach, which is based on superficial analogy. He believes the Democrats' covert administration seeks to negatively influence the political power of Trump and Republicans by directing the identity and economic aspirations of certain sections of society.
Management and Policy Making
Mohammad Hassanzadeh; Behrouz Rasouli; Somayeh Jafari
Abstract
Many researchers, professionals, and managers believe that knowledge is one of the key assets of organizations and businesses in the current era. In this regard, the term knowledge strategy has been considered in order to clarify the knowledge assets for the organization, which ultimately improves the ...
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Many researchers, professionals, and managers believe that knowledge is one of the key assets of organizations and businesses in the current era. In this regard, the term knowledge strategy has been considered in order to clarify the knowledge assets for the organization, which ultimately improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization by implementing knowledge management and formulating a knowledge management strategy. The book Knowledge Strategy and Knowledge Management seeks to explain two main concepts, namely “Knowledge Strategy” and “Knowledge Management Strategy” in four chapters. This book is one of the first works in the Persian language to focus on the concept of knowledge strategy. Although the book addresses an important issue that is one of the key needs business managers, the distinction between strategic management, knowledge strategy, strategic knowledge management, etc. is not clearly stated. The purpose of this article is to review the book Knowledge Strategy and Knowledge Management from different aspects.
Jurisprudence and Law
Reza Zahravi
Abstract
The decriminalization approach can be corrected in some individual or social dimensions. The dimensions of the veil are not limited to the individual scope and have many social effects, but the neglect of social effects and neglect of other dimensions are against the principles of Islamic law and can ...
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The decriminalization approach can be corrected in some individual or social dimensions. The dimensions of the veil are not limited to the individual scope and have many social effects, but the neglect of social effects and neglect of other dimensions are against the principles of Islamic law and can be criticized. The realm of law is not limited to the social sphere, and the individual and divine dimensions are not outside the sphere of law, and the entry of law into this realm is rationally defensible and is based on the correct drawing of the boundary between ethics and law; Accordingly, in this article, on the one hand, by presenting logical arguments for the entry of law into all necessary human relations, under the correct draw of moral and legal boundaries, criticizes arguments against entering the law in other cases to individual scope. On the other hand, as a violation argument, an attempt has been made to prove the entry of law into the subject of the veil by referring to and analyzing various domestic and foreign laws due to the social dimensions of the veil.
