Place and role of God in Hegel’s philosophy have become one of the most controversial problems in philosophy and interpretation for the past two centuries. The main distinction between the two Hegelian movements (the left and the right wings) depends on how we answer this issue. Contrary to the development of modern philosophy which has gradually diminished the place and role of God in the explanation of the world, Hegel brought this concept into the center of philosophy once again; he revived the arguments, and put it on the throne, although with a new name: Absolute Spirit.At the moment the most important question is the relationship between Hegelian Absolute Spirit and Christian God. Did Hegel make philosophy theological or theology philosophical? Did Hegel bring God into its high place or did he negate the common-theological concept of God?In Hegel’s Concept of God, Quentin Lauer attempts to deal with these questions. Although the reader cannot derive explicit answers for these questions, he or she can understand the approach of the writer about Hegelian analysis of the concept of God, and consequently grasp a brief impression of Hegelian metaphysics.

This article introduces and evaluates Nietzsche and Philosophy by Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze's book, first published in 1962 in France, was later translated into English in 1983. In the 1960s, the book was a reaction to the predominating Hegelianism of France's Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite, and Deleuze attempts to put Nietzsche against Hegel to show that Hegel's philosophy is a philosophy of difference, plurality, and vitality and vitality of life. This book is just like an introduction to all themes of Deleuze's next books. Three thinkers have a central role in Deleuze's thought: Spinoza, Bergson and Nietzsche. If Spinoza is a father, Bergson will be the son and Nietzsche will be the Holy Spirit. But this article, while analyzing Deleuze's philosophy in this book, seeks to demonstrate that Deleuze narrates another form of Hegelian dialectics in Nietzsche's style, and thus Deleuze's does not escape from the Hegelian dialectical thinking.

The Rationality theory is considered as one of the most important and fundamental approaches in the history of philosophy of religion. The conflict of reason and faith has a long history. Defending rationality against the domination of the faithism in Christianity should be regarded as an effective and important approach.Swin Burne with an important book titled “Faith and Reason” tried to restudy the importance of rational approach to religious beliefs and prepositions. In this book, he tried to provide a reinterpretation of the theory of rationality of belief. This work is the third collection of his writings in theism. He aimed to show the fundamental role of reason in epistemic justification of religious beliefs.His main question in this book: how to justify faith and religious beliefs with what kind of rational evidence, a belief can be justified? The present review aims to evaluate and criticize Swin Burne’s rational justification in his religious beliefs.

This paper is aims to review the book entitled Review of History: What and Why? byBeverley Southgate. Our findings show that this book is not an original work which contains speculations of the author, but it is an elementary text book about one of the most important questions of the philosophy of history, i.e. Does history have any kind of objectivity? In a good manner, he gathered views of the former as well as the latter.  Also, he shows that how the history, as a disciplines affected by other fields of humanities. Its language is simple and has a logical structure. But relativistic and subjectivist approach of the author is one of the challenging aspects of this book in Iranian philosophical atmosphere. This book is old and its subject matters are very limited.

Identifying the end of a science is one of the criteria for knowing that science. In philosophy, philosophers seek to define science based on the end they determine for it. This article represents Wittgenstein’s view on the end of philosophy in Hutto’s words. Hutto begins his argument with the issue of ‘logic’. Afterwards, he challenges the former interpretations on this issue: First, a theoretical interpretation - smacked of metaphysics - is rejected and then, a therapeutic interpretation - upon which many Tractatus remarks are meaningless - is denied. In the end, Hutto’s new interpretation, which is based on description and activism in daily life, is presented. This article discusses that there are also criticisms on Hutto’ new interpretation and a close scrutiny on the components of this new interpretation is required.

Philosophy of Eshragh is too important as it is situated between Mulla Sadra and Ibn Sina’s philosophy. Thus every book that introduces and analyzes itcan be assessed. In this book, the author, after propounding development ground of the logical – illuminated philosophy of Eshragh, focusing on biography, compilations and philosophical method. Then he debates Suhrvardi’s critique to Masha’s philosophy and afterwards indicates two realms of the ontology and epistemology in wisdom of Eshragh. Using the Suhrvardi’s compilations, especially wisdom of Eshragh, he presents philosophy of Eshragh in summary. In this essay, the author aims to introduce the book, present its summary, indicate positive and negative aspects, and suggest some points to improve it.

Each science has its own terminology and technical language, which is a tool for understanding the texts of that science. Dictionaries are an application tool for researchers. The dictionaries help the correct and quick understanding of these terms in order to co-ordinate with the scientific community and also help them in their further search. The subject of this article is the critique of the book of “the dictionary of the Terminology of Theology, the Islamic Theology, the New Theology, the Religions” by Moslem Mohammadi, a graduate of the majoring in theology and philosophy. So, while introducing the book in general, it refers to some of the structural and content characteristics as well as its positive and negative aspects. In a critical review, the book's articles were checked for the authenticity of the text, the accuracy of the documentation, and the amount of utilization of valid sources. We conclude that the book has some drawbacks in terms of its form, content, and the observance of the principles of the research method. So this book has not fulfilled its mission in explaining and describing some of the terminology of theology. Therefore, its totality cannot be a reliable source for the selection of scholars. In the end, suggestions are made to overcome the shortcomings and enhance the work.

The present article deals with introducing and critically studying the book Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science by Daniel Garber. Garber, one of the most prominent researchers of modern philosophy and contemporary Descartes-scholar, wrote the book in 1980, and it was published by Cambridge University Press. This work has been released in French, yet there is no Persian translation available. It is a collection of articles written separately by author and published in credible philosophical journals. The unifying subject of the articles is the relationship between Descartes’ philosophical and scientific areas of interest.This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content.This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content.

This article introduces, analyzes, and criticizes the work of Lawrence M. Hinman, Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Hinman is a Philosopher of Ethics in the multimedia learning. He believes that multiculturalism is important factor of nowadays so the most important responsibility of philosophers of Ethics is prevention of moral conflict. The global communication and information in 21st  century needs global  tolerance and respect of various nations, cultures, and moralities together because different people and societies have a common  human nature and common natural rights that obligate to justice and moral relationship between  different people and  various societies’ beliefs throughout the world. Moral communication in multiculturalism approach is against racial, gender, national, and ethnic prejudice. Hinman believes in moral dialogue and global learning across different cultures. The book of Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory has a proper category of new ethical problems, and the candid standpoint of author is considerable. He has a logical method, and in the end of every part of book there are some questions for evaluation of students learning. So this book is proper for the philosophy of ethics in universities.

In the present paper, we first briefly introduce the book Routledge History of Philosophy: From the Beginning to Plato. Its Persian translation was written by Hasan Mortazawi and published in Iran in 1390(2011)by Philosophy Cheshme Press. After the introductory matters, the present paper focuses on two aspects: the formal aspect of printed translation and 2- the content of Persian translation. Of course this study of the Persian translation is based on the original English text and a comparison between them.On the formal aspect, I consider factors such as title, order and completion, or deficiency of translation.  At the content level of the Persian translation in comparison with the original text, I consider factors as printing errors, names’ spelling in Persian, fluency, and validity of the translation text. The result of this study demonstrates that the Persian translation of the first volume of Routledge History of Philosophy: From the Beginning to Plato is subjected to some unwanted deficiencies. Some other pitfalls include 1- Sometimes the Persian spelling of the special names especially Greek names is not exact or correct. 2- Some of the philosophical terms are not translated in uniformity. 3- The text of Persian translation is not edited by an editor that is expected to be a specialist in the ancient Greek philosophy4- Translator’s nonsufficient acquaintance with the Greek philosophy. Translation of philosophical works as other subjects in theoretical disciplines is a technical work and in addition to the skills of writing and grammar, the editor needs to have special information of the subject matter.  It is hoped that the recommendations of this paper help Mr. H. Mortazawi in revising his translation in the second edition.

The present article criticizes the book “Phenomenology and Mysticism”  by Anthony J. Steinbock. The writer has tried to identify religious and mystical experiences by the use of phenomenological’s style and helping from concepts such as “evidence”, “phenomenological’s reduction” and “intention”. Steinbock’s main concern is to consider the reaction between the phenomenology and theology to make a connection and relation among the vast range of religious beliefs with philosophical problems such as “evidence”, “selfhood”, and “otherness”. Lack of stability in his point of view, inability in sufficient analysis, contradiction in terms, etc. weaken his attitude in this book. Furthermore, this book contains problems in content and writing considered as a serious downsides of the book

Deleuze's philosophical commentary on Spinoza is a critically important work because its conclusions provide the foundations for Deleuze's later metaphysical speculations on the nature of power, the body, difference and singularities. Deleuze and Spinoza is the first book to examine Deleuze's philosophical assessment of Spinoza and appraise his arguments concerning the Absolute, the philosophy of mind, epistemology and moral and political philosophy. The author respects and disagrees with Deleuze the philosopher and suggests that his arguments not only lead to eliminativism and a Hobbesian politics, but also they cast a mystifying spell. Opposed to feminist philosophers who find Deleuze's theories practical for the third wave feminism, Gillian Howie proposes that a turning to Marxism and critical theory would be an answer.

Islamic philosophy in its first formation has been widely influenced by Christian philosophy. After several centuries, however, Islamic world takes the upper hand, and Islamic scientific and philosophical school influenced the Christian ones, especially and intensely in so-called Scholastic era. The most influencing figure, from this point of view, was Avicenna. Avicenna’s Influence on Duns Scotus’ Philosophy, by Mahdi Abbaszade, intends to expose an example of the aforesaid influences, as a case study: Avicennna’s on Duns Scotus. Abbaszade’s book is relatively comprehensive and very informative. Dr Abbaszade could have a better work by seeing all of scotus’ philosophical writings, and by refraining from some prejudices and exaggerations.

The critique and analysis of preconception, origin, and theory to solve the paradoxical of mystical experience in the logic and subjective or objective experience are the purpose for this study Mysticism and Philosophy by Walter Terence Stace (1967). In this book, mystical experience and mysticism with philosophical empiricism have been linked, and mystical experience is beyond the logical understanding, but after Stace’s proposition of the theory of fuzzy logic, the possibility of revision for these results has provided. Other criticisms leveled against this book are Stace's contradictory preconceptions for possibility to understand the realities of mysticism with his emphasis on having a philosophical attitude towards the subject, and with regard to Stace’s essentialist attitude as well as the influence of other variables on mystical experience which haveunbalanced his attention to main processing to Christian and Buddhist mystical traditions compared with Jewish mysticism and mystical Islam.

Philosophers defend theories of what well-being is but ignore what psychologists have learned about it. Psychologists learn about well-being but lack a theory of what it is. In The Good Life: Unifying the Philosophy and Psychology of Well-Being, Michael A. Bishop marries these complementary investigations under what he regards as an “inclusive approach” and the result is a new framework for understanding well-being and the good life, that is “the network theory”. This theory identifies well-being with instantiating a self-sustaining network of positive feelings, attitudes, behaviors, traits, and accomplishments: a positive causal network. When doing well, you are embedded in a self-reinforcing web of positive internal and external states and events; when doing badly, you are caught in a "rut" or "vicious cycle" of negative interactions. Well-being is not just one component of a positive causal network, such as pleasure, desire-fulfillment, or virtuous activity. Well-being is the network itself. The current paper introduces the book with an emphasis on these two main foci. Then, it conclude with some objections to both methodology and substantive aspect of theory which mainly concerns its power of normativity.

The Holy Qur'an is a knowledgeable and realistic book which, according to Qur'anic verses, narrations and wisdom, need to be elaborated and interpreted. Throughout the history of many commentators, based on the methods, trends, and various interpretive schools, they have interpreted this celestial book. Accordingly, the Qur'an's interpretation has evolved, and until the present day complete interpretations or some parts of the Qur'an have been written, and the interpretation has continued. Among these, the book "The Interpretation of the Eleventh Surah from the Holy Qur'an" by Mr. Dharullah Mashayekhi, has been compiled for the course of the disciplinary interpretation of the Qur'anic verses and the theology of theology. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of this book are criticized and evaluated in terms of its form and content. Due to the existing deficiencies, it is suggested that these comments be applied in the coming editions of the book as the source of the course of interpretive interpretation in the baccalaureate.

Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups