Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Investigating the Challenges of Iran's Publication: A Proposal of Economic Indicators and Innovation Investigating the Challenges of Iran's Publication: A Proposal of Economic Indicators and Innovation 1 17 3673 FA Ali Afzali PhD Student of Economics, University of Tehran, Researcher of Presidential Technology Studies Rouhollah Aboojafari Director of Department of Knowledge-based Economics, Presidential Technology Studies Institute Journal Article 2018 09 03 This article examines the economic conditions of publishing books in Iran. The book as one of the most important cultural goods in comparison with other cultural industries has a fairly good capacity to generate income and employment. In this research, firstly, using the value chain approach, the economic conditions of the book publishing are explained. Then, using the grounded method and utilizing economic indicators, the challenges of this area have been identified. According to the studies and surveys conducted in this study, real household expenditures on books have been decreasing since 2013. Examples include imbalances in the share of publishing chain actors, the inadequate distribution of distributors across the country, the inappropriateness of the number of bookstores with the number of publishers, the weakness of reading culture and the educational system, and the domination of the new media on people's lives are considered to be challenging. In contrast, effective policy-making with the use of economic indicators and actions such as updating the rules in this area and the use of innovations such as printing on demand, online sales, and audiobooks in many ways can help to cope with the challenges. This article examines the economic conditions of publishing books in Iran. The book as one of the most important cultural goods in comparison with other cultural industries has a fairly good capacity to generate income and employment. In this research, firstly, using the value chain approach, the economic conditions of the book publishing are explained. Then, using the grounded method and utilizing economic indicators, the challenges of this area have been identified. According to the studies and surveys conducted in this study, real household expenditures on books have been decreasing since 2013. Examples include imbalances in the share of publishing chain actors, the inadequate distribution of distributors across the country, the inappropriateness of the number of bookstores with the number of publishers, the weakness of reading culture and the educational system, and the domination of the new media on people's lives are considered to be challenging. In contrast, effective policy-making with the use of economic indicators and actions such as updating the rules in this area and the use of innovations such as printing on demand, online sales, and audiobooks in many ways can help to cope with the challenges.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Book Review [Understanding] Democracy: An Introduction to Public Choice Book Review [Understanding] Democracy: An Introduction to Public Choice 19 38 3674 FA Hadi Amiri Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Isfahan Vaheed Moghadam Graduate of Economics and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Theology and Ahl al-Bayt Education, University of Isfahan Journal Article 2018 09 03 The Public Choice School in Economics can be considered as the application of economic analysis in the field of politics, which is just recently opening its way to the country's academic circles. The most important finding of this school is to prove the failure of the government in the market regulation (the absence of a benevolent hand in government). The book [Understanding] Democracy - An Introduction to Public Choice by Patrick Gunning (2003), translated by Hossein Rabiei in 2014, has been marketed by the Economics World Publications. This simple and somewhat comprehensive book addresses both fundamental issues of public choice, such as constitutional economics, and the practical topics of public choice, such as privatization. The main conclusion of the book is that in democratic-based political mechanisms, not only does the government (without arranging institutional setting) fail to solve the market problems, but also these failures are more severe than the market failures. Although not well known in English, this book has an acceptable status among the few Persian books in the field of public choice, which might be the reason beyond the two different translations of the book. However, the current translation has many drawbacks, and its revision and edition are required for next editions. The Public Choice School in Economics can be considered as the application of economic analysis in the field of politics, which is just recently opening its way to the country's academic circles. The most important finding of this school is to prove the failure of the government in the market regulation (the absence of a benevolent hand in government). The book [Understanding] Democracy - An Introduction to Public Choice by Patrick Gunning (2003), translated by Hossein Rabiei in 2014, has been marketed by the Economics World Publications. This simple and somewhat comprehensive book addresses both fundamental issues of public choice, such as constitutional economics, and the practical topics of public choice, such as privatization. The main conclusion of the book is that in democratic-based political mechanisms, not only does the government (without arranging institutional setting) fail to solve the market problems, but also these failures are more severe than the market failures. Although not well known in English, this book has an acceptable status among the few Persian books in the field of public choice, which might be the reason beyond the two different translations of the book. However, the current translation has many drawbacks, and its revision and edition are required for next editions.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Book Review Improving the Business Environment and Realizing the Resistive Economy Book Review Improving the Business Environment and Realizing the Resistive Economy 39 52 3675 FA Hamid Padash Assistant Professor, University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Department of Organizational Entrepreneurship Mohamad Ajirlu Associate Professor, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of Management and Economics Bahman Khodapanah PhD student, University of Tehran, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, Department of Development 0000-0002-2433-3921 Journal Article 2018 08 01 A business environment refers to the factors affecting the performance of enterprises the managers or owners of which cannot change or improve them. The book “Improving the Business Environment and the Realization of Resistive Economy” is a book whose author has sought to establish a relationship between the business environment and the realization of a resistive economy. To this end, the ease of doing business index was selected and attempts were made to scrutinize it using comparative tables and charts. This article is structured with format review and content review. The author's referent (business environment) has a wide range of distinct indices that have important differences, and not all of these cases and referents can be considered similar and identical, but the author only refers to one of the indices, which is an important index. Considering the fact that the book pursues an excellent goal, it adds a concise explanation of the relationship between the business environment and the resistive economy to the richness of the work, and it is expected that the author pays attention to the points raised in subsequent editions to enhance the quality of the work. A business environment refers to the factors affecting the performance of enterprises the managers or owners of which cannot change or improve them. The book “Improving the Business Environment and the Realization of Resistive Economy” is a book whose author has sought to establish a relationship between the business environment and the realization of a resistive economy. To this end, the ease of doing business index was selected and attempts were made to scrutinize it using comparative tables and charts. This article is structured with format review and content review. The author's referent (business environment) has a wide range of distinct indices that have important differences, and not all of these cases and referents can be considered similar and identical, but the author only refers to one of the indices, which is an important index. Considering the fact that the book pursues an excellent goal, it adds a concise explanation of the relationship between the business environment and the resistive economy to the richness of the work, and it is expected that the author pays attention to the points raised in subsequent editions to enhance the quality of the work.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Review of the “Thematic Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an with the Economic Approach” Review of the “Thematic Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an with the Economic Approach” 53 68 3676 FA Mansour Pahlevan Professor of Theology, University of Tehran Sayyed Amad Mir Hashemi PhD Student of Comparative Interpretation, Nahjolbalagha Research Center Journal Article 2018 08 03 The book "Thematic Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an with the Economic Approach" was published for the students of economic sciences and the humanities. The purpose of the book is to put emphasis on the valid interpretation of the Quran with the practices of the subject of the Economic Sciences Biology. Besides, at the same time paying attention to economic issues and propositions of economics such as microeconomics and macroeconomics, economic activities, and particularly the State ownership in the field of production, distribution and simple impression provide the audience the economic efficiency of the verses which can be useful for them. Despite such developmental efforts during this economic effect in the interpretation of literature, case report and extent of content text give us the opportunity to discuss important economic sectors including the financial issues of the day. The author also did not discuss the numerous issues of banking, usury and money, and in some cases also did not signify the issues enough, and some interpretative methods are not reliable enough. The book "Thematic Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an with the Economic Approach" was published for the students of economic sciences and the humanities. The purpose of the book is to put emphasis on the valid interpretation of the Quran with the practices of the subject of the Economic Sciences Biology. Besides, at the same time paying attention to economic issues and propositions of economics such as microeconomics and macroeconomics, economic activities, and particularly the State ownership in the field of production, distribution and simple impression provide the audience the economic efficiency of the verses which can be useful for them. Despite such developmental efforts during this economic effect in the interpretation of literature, case report and extent of content text give us the opportunity to discuss important economic sectors including the financial issues of the day. The author also did not discuss the numerous issues of banking, usury and money, and in some cases also did not signify the issues enough, and some interpretative methods are not reliable enough.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Review and Analysis of Book: Resistance Economics from Theory to Practice Review and Analysis of Book: Resistance Economics from Theory to Practice 69 92 3698 FA Farhad Tarahami Post Docoral Researcher of Economics ,Alzahra University 0000-0002-5768-6619 Fatemeh Bazzazan Associate Professor of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University Journal Article 2018 08 25 The content of the book "Resistance Economics, from Theory to Practice" includes theoretical foundations and challenges in the field of resistance economy, the conditions for its realization and its achievements. In this regard, using a 6-loop management model, a theoretical and a practical review of the resistance economy has been studied. Model loops include: leadership and management, decrease dependencies, modifying structures, infrastructure development, people-centered and communications, and global interactions. The structure of the book is news-based and sermon, and economic analysis has not been used. The lack of use of up-to-date statistics, measuring instruments in economics, and inadequate analysis of the structure of the Iranian economy, are its shortcomings. In general, the book can be used to gain general information on the resistance economics and the problems of the Iranian economy. However, in the field of economic analysis, especially the subject of literature and the scientific tools used, there are many deficiencies. The content of the book "Resistance Economics, from Theory to Practice" includes theoretical foundations and challenges in the field of resistance economy, the conditions for its realization and its achievements. In this regard, using a 6-loop management model, a theoretical and a practical review of the resistance economy has been studied. Model loops include: leadership and management, decrease dependencies, modifying structures, infrastructure development, people-centered and communications, and global interactions. The structure of the book is news-based and sermon, and economic analysis has not been used. The lack of use of up-to-date statistics, measuring instruments in economics, and inadequate analysis of the structure of the Iranian economy, are its shortcomings. In general, the book can be used to gain general information on the resistance economics and the problems of the Iranian economy. However, in the field of economic analysis, especially the subject of literature and the scientific tools used, there are many deficiencies.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Development of the Understanding of Development: Critical Book Review of “Imagining the Post-Development Era” Development of the Understanding of Development: Critical Book Review of “Imagining the Post-Development Era” 93 114 3699 FA Mehdi Hajamini Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University Mohammad Ali Aboutorabi Assistant Professor of Economics, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies 0000-0003-4221-769X Journal Article 2018 07 14 Although the birth of the first specialized development theories has so far lasted less than a century, the evolution of these theories has been controversial. While each theory attempts to explain the reasons behindthe development and underdevelopment, it has been criticized by more recent theories, and hence the development economics is continuously developing. Meanwhile, perspectives of Dependency and Post-development regard other perspectives as a set of pessimistic, homological, and colonial theories, and called them “Theories of Western Development” and rejected them. The book of “Imagining the Post-Development Era” contains articles with different perspectives, but the book's theme and the ideas are based on Dependency and Post-development perspectives. The present paper seeks to develop the understanding of development. In addition, it offers suggestions for writing and editing similar books in the future. Although the birth of the first specialized development theories has so far lasted less than a century, the evolution of these theories has been controversial. While each theory attempts to explain the reasons behindthe development and underdevelopment, it has been criticized by more recent theories, and hence the development economics is continuously developing. Meanwhile, perspectives of Dependency and Post-development regard other perspectives as a set of pessimistic, homological, and colonial theories, and called them “Theories of Western Development” and rejected them. The book of “Imagining the Post-Development Era” contains articles with different perspectives, but the book's theme and the ideas are based on Dependency and Post-development perspectives. The present paper seeks to develop the understanding of development. In addition, it offers suggestions for writing and editing similar books in the future.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Critique of Iran's Development Plans in terms of financial sector and real sector communication Critique of Iran's Development Plans in terms of financial sector and real sector communication 115 138 3700 FA Seyyed Ehsan Khondouzi 1Assistant Professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University Mohsen Moghiseh PhD Student of Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University Journal Article 2018 08 23 The relationship between the financial and real sector has always been a major concern in economic development programs and has been the topic of the theoretical controversy. The analysis of the text of the First Development Plan's sixth Development Law document shows that the gradual approach to financial guidance in favor of the real-life objectives is to replace financial liberalization. Indeed, in spite of the fact that Iran's financial support base is in the past few decades, we have not had a successful experience in supporting the production sector by banks and the financial sector, and even one cannot say that it was a coherent policy-oriented model. This article, by introducing some successful global experiences of the Credit Leadership Model (Japan, Germany, China, South Korea), attempts, based on the theoretical foundations of individuals such as Werner, in the form of a review of development plans, an alternative approach to support Production by the financial sector in which the government simultaneously plays a role in these financially-makers in the compilation of competitive producers in the real sector and in the management of bank credit. The relationship between the financial and real sector has always been a major concern in economic development programs and has been the topic of the theoretical controversy. The analysis of the text of the First Development Plan's sixth Development Law document shows that the gradual approach to financial guidance in favor of the real-life objectives is to replace financial liberalization. Indeed, in spite of the fact that Iran's financial support base is in the past few decades, we have not had a successful experience in supporting the production sector by banks and the financial sector, and even one cannot say that it was a coherent policy-oriented model. This article, by introducing some successful global experiences of the Credit Leadership Model (Japan, Germany, China, South Korea), attempts, based on the theoretical foundations of individuals such as Werner, in the form of a review of development plans, an alternative approach to support Production by the financial sector in which the government simultaneously plays a role in these financially-makers in the compilation of competitive producers in the real sector and in the management of bank credit.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 The Study of Tariff Barriers and Foreign Exchange Rates Effects in the Function of Iran's Import Demand: A Critical Review of Iran's Trade Policy and Foreign Exchange Regime for Real Support to National Production) The Study of Tariff Barriers and Foreign Exchange Rates Effects in the Function of Iran's Import Demand: A Critical Review of Iran's Trade Policy and Foreign Exchange Regime for Real Support to National Production) 139 165 3549 FA Ali Zahedtalaban PhD Student of Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mahdi Khodaparast Mashhadi Associate Professor of Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Ahmad Sabahi Associate Professor of Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mohamadreza Lotfalipour Professor of Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal Article 2018 08 04 So far, relatively a few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of tariff rates on total imports of countries, which do not have consistent results. In this paper, we examine the actual effects of tariff and currency rates on the import demand function. For this purpose, based on the theory of demand and by applying relevant econometric techniques, we estimated the import demand function and regressed it to gross domestic product (GDP), relative price of imported goods, tariff rates, and the price of currency through the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method. The results show that the imports have a positive correlation with GDP and a negative correlation with relative prices, exchange and tariff rates which are consistent with the theory. Long-term coefficients obtained are meaningful for all variables except for tariffs, which indicate the lack of long-term effects of tariffs on import demand. This conclusion seems to be paradoxical for Iran, which has one of the most protective tariff regimes in the world. But by reviewing the bottlenecks and shortcomings of trade policy in Iran, in particular by considering inefficiency of foreign exchange policies, we can realize that the actual tariff protection is much less than what isshowon in nominal one, and therefore, the estimated result for tariff effect is justifiable. A list of reforms and recommendation policies in line with real support of the national production are proposed at the end of paper. So far, relatively a few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of tariff rates on total imports of countries, which do not have consistent results. In this paper, we examine the actual effects of tariff and currency rates on the import demand function. For this purpose, based on the theory of demand and by applying relevant econometric techniques, we estimated the import demand function and regressed it to gross domestic product (GDP), relative price of imported goods, tariff rates, and the price of currency through the Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method. The results show that the imports have a positive correlation with GDP and a negative correlation with relative prices, exchange and tariff rates which are consistent with the theory. Long-term coefficients obtained are meaningful for all variables except for tariffs, which indicate the lack of long-term effects of tariffs on import demand. This conclusion seems to be paradoxical for Iran, which has one of the most protective tariff regimes in the world. But by reviewing the bottlenecks and shortcomings of trade policy in Iran, in particular by considering inefficiency of foreign exchange policies, we can realize that the actual tariff protection is much less than what isshowon in nominal one, and therefore, the estimated result for tariff effect is justifiable. A list of reforms and recommendation policies in line with real support of the national production are proposed at the end of paper.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Economic Resilience Index and Studying Its Effects on Iran’s Economic Growth Economic Resilience Index and Studying Its Effects on Iran’s Economic Growth 167 193 3701 FA Mansour Zaranezhad Professor of Economics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ebrahim Anvari Assistant Professor of Economics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz HamidReza Halafi PhD Student of Economic Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz z Journal Article 2018 08 01 Reviewing and criticizing theories of economic growth can help researchers choose the main factors affecting economic growth rate. In this research, the effect of the resilience index on economic growth in Iran has been evaluated by reviewing and criticizing the growth ideas and examining the factors affecting them. Research findings have confirmed the positive impact of this index on Iran's economic growth. The implementation of various scenarios showed that after the occurrence of shocks, the simulated economic growth had a consistent and upward trend. Implementing effective financial, currency, and monetary policies to reduce the misery rate, narrowing the scope of government activities, reducing the ratio of budget deficit to the GDP, and making reforms to the administrative and judicial infrastructure of the country are some of the suggestions that could pave the way for the promotion of economic resilience and strengthening the economic growth of Iran. Reviewing and criticizing theories of economic growth can help researchers choose the main factors affecting economic growth rate. In this research, the effect of the resilience index on economic growth in Iran has been evaluated by reviewing and criticizing the growth ideas and examining the factors affecting them. Research findings have confirmed the positive impact of this index on Iran's economic growth. The implementation of various scenarios showed that after the occurrence of shocks, the simulated economic growth had a consistent and upward trend. Implementing effective financial, currency, and monetary policies to reduce the misery rate, narrowing the scope of government activities, reducing the ratio of budget deficit to the GDP, and making reforms to the administrative and judicial infrastructure of the country are some of the suggestions that could pave the way for the promotion of economic resilience and strengthening the economic growth of Iran.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 A Review of Iran’s Manufacturing Structure in Political Documents A Review of Iran’s Manufacturing Structure in Political Documents 195 218 3702 FA Afsaneh Shafiee Assistant Professor of Industrial Economics, Institute for Trade Studies and Research Journal Article 2018 08 16 This paper aims to formulate necessary policy instruments which strengthen Iran’s manufacturing activities. In this regard, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify challenges ahead of manufacturing production and export in Iran using meta-analysis. The results showed that there are 6 major challenges on the way of promoting manufacturing competitiveness in Iran including: increased import dependency of manufacturing production, decreasing resource (energy as well as mineral) advantages on export competitiveness, decreasing contribution of human resources on export competitiveness, decreasing reliance of manufacturing production and export on R&D as well as innovation. In this regard, there are 5 strategic policies suggested as the starting point of industrial restructuring: competition intensification, providing infrastructures supporting manufacturing production and export, making factor market more flexible, promoting added value creation capabilities, as well as provoking demand in both domestic as well export markets. This paper aims to formulate necessary policy instruments which strengthen Iran’s manufacturing activities. In this regard, a comprehensive survey was conducted to identify challenges ahead of manufacturing production and export in Iran using meta-analysis. The results showed that there are 6 major challenges on the way of promoting manufacturing competitiveness in Iran including: increased import dependency of manufacturing production, decreasing resource (energy as well as mineral) advantages on export competitiveness, decreasing contribution of human resources on export competitiveness, decreasing reliance of manufacturing production and export on R&D as well as innovation. In this regard, there are 5 strategic policies suggested as the starting point of industrial restructuring: competition intensification, providing infrastructures supporting manufacturing production and export, making factor market more flexible, promoting added value creation capabilities, as well as provoking demand in both domestic as well export markets.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Criticisms of Current Financial and Trade Policies To Support Iranian Products in Selected Sectors Criticisms of Current Financial and Trade Policies To Support Iranian Products in Selected Sectors 219 245 3703 FA Ali Tousi Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Islamic Banking, Kharazmi University Ali Ghasemi PhD in Economics, Senior Expert, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran Hossein Dehghan Shourkand PhD Student of Economics, Senior Expert, Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran Journal Article 2018 09 06 Trade and financial policies and instruments as a set of effective actions on the supply and demand of firms' products play a major role in stabilizing any economy and if gross domestic product, employment, imports and exports and inflation rate are considered as the most important macroeconomic variables, these instruments and policies will affect a significant portion of any economy. In this paper, it has been shown that the current trade and financial policies (in the last 20 years) have led to jobless growth. In addition, by using the latest statistical Input-Output table of I.R. of Iran, the impact of economic sanctions by reducing 30 percent of import of capital goods on key sectors has been calculated. Results show that in order to cope with sanction, if financial policies in key sectors change through 14.5 percent increase in banks' facilities and trade policies change through 9.3 increase in non-oil exports and 13.9 percent increase in imports of capital goods, more than 500.000 new jobs will be created and economic growth rate will increase more than 0.5 percent. Trade and financial policies and instruments as a set of effective actions on the supply and demand of firms' products play a major role in stabilizing any economy and if gross domestic product, employment, imports and exports and inflation rate are considered as the most important macroeconomic variables, these instruments and policies will affect a significant portion of any economy. In this paper, it has been shown that the current trade and financial policies (in the last 20 years) have led to jobless growth. In addition, by using the latest statistical Input-Output table of I.R. of Iran, the impact of economic sanctions by reducing 30 percent of import of capital goods on key sectors has been calculated. Results show that in order to cope with sanction, if financial policies in key sectors change through 14.5 percent increase in banks' facilities and trade policies change through 9.3 increase in non-oil exports and 13.9 percent increase in imports of capital goods, more than 500.000 new jobs will be created and economic growth rate will increase more than 0.5 percent.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 A Critique of Trade Contingency Protections' Functions in Support of National Production in Iran A Critique of Trade Contingency Protections' Functions in Support of National Production in Iran 247 271 3704 FA Farzad Moradpour Researcher of Institute for Trade Studies and Research Mir Hadi Seyedi Faculty Member of Institute for Trade Studies and Research Journal Article 2018 07 19 A decade after the adoption of the first legal text of the country regarding the rules governing the procedures for the application of Trade Contingency Protections (TCP), the text was revised last year and a new legal text replaces the previous text in this regard. However, after more than one year passed from the enforcement of new legislation, the revision of the text, albeit with significant text enhancements, has not yet been able to activate the mechanism of TCP in support of national production in Iran, due to shortcomings beyond the text although there is an increasing trend in the use of these measures in the world, which has not put our country aside from its scope. This paper with a critical view examines the functions of TCP in the world and the necessities that Iran is faced with. A decade after the adoption of the first legal text of the country regarding the rules governing the procedures for the application of Trade Contingency Protections (TCP), the text was revised last year and a new legal text replaces the previous text in this regard. However, after more than one year passed from the enforcement of new legislation, the revision of the text, albeit with significant text enhancements, has not yet been able to activate the mechanism of TCP in support of national production in Iran, due to shortcomings beyond the text although there is an increasing trend in the use of these measures in the world, which has not put our country aside from its scope. This paper with a critical view examines the functions of TCP in the world and the necessities that Iran is faced with.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Supporting National Product Based on the Experience of Latin American Economies: Neo-Liberal and Neo-structural Policies Supporting National Product Based on the Experience of Latin American Economies: Neo-Liberal and Neo-structural Policies 273 292 3550 FA Seyed Hossein Mirjalili Associate Professor, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies 0000000211775376 Journal Article 2018 08 03 Latin American economies have followed the development of economic structure by adopting structuralist policies since 1948. Structuralism was criticized for excessive intervention in the market mechanism to support national product and the implications of import substitution, which led to the decline of structuralism and the emergence of neoliberal economic policies in Latin America in the 1980s.Throughout the 1980s, neoliberal policies called Washington consensus and structural adjustment were implemented in Latin American economies. The result was the spread of poverty, inequality and imbalances, and the decline in national product.The neo-structural approach emerged from the critique of the neoliberal policies for the Latin American region and presented the so-called neo-structuralist policies for the Latin America by ECLAC for supporting the growth of national production and economic development in Latin American countries. These policies include: strengthening competitiveness, economic growth with social equity, selective support, reforming production structures, and supporting innovation and entrepreneurship. Latin American economies have followed the development of economic structure by adopting structuralist policies since 1948. Structuralism was criticized for excessive intervention in the market mechanism to support national product and the implications of import substitution, which led to the decline of structuralism and the emergence of neoliberal economic policies in Latin America in the 1980s.Throughout the 1980s, neoliberal policies called Washington consensus and structural adjustment were implemented in Latin American economies. The result was the spread of poverty, inequality and imbalances, and the decline in national product.The neo-structural approach emerged from the critique of the neoliberal policies for the Latin American region and presented the so-called neo-structuralist policies for the Latin America by ECLAC for supporting the growth of national production and economic development in Latin American countries. These policies include: strengthening competitiveness, economic growth with social equity, selective support, reforming production structures, and supporting innovation and entrepreneurship.

Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences 2383-1650 18 9 2018 11 22 Financial Development and Inequality: A Critique of Theoretical Foundations of Published Texts in Iran Financial Development and Inequality: A Critique of Theoretical Foundations of Published Texts in Iran 293 318 3718 FA Abolfazl Noferesti PhD of Economics, Banking Researcher at Export Development Bank of Iran Journal Article 2018 08 15 The relationship between financial development and inequality is one of the topics that has been studied in many theoretical and empirical studies, but there is still no consensus among economic theorists on this. In Iran, a lot of studies have been done on the relationship between financial development and inequality. These studies are mainly based on the Greenwood and Jovanovic’s nonlinear hypothesis or the Banerjee and Newman’s negative linear hypothesis. And researchers, depending on the number of observations, the type of observation, and the functional form they used, have obtained different results in verifying one of these hypotheses. Since the late 1990s, theoretical literature on financial development and inequality has undergone a major transformation, and economic theorists have introduced new channels for the impact of financial development on inequality, which is mainly not considered in the studies carried out in Iran. In this article, firstly, the theoretical foundations of the studies conducted in Iran are criticized, and then some of the most important new approaches presented regarding the relationship between financial development and inequality are explained briefly. The relationship between financial development and inequality is one of the topics that has been studied in many theoretical and empirical studies, but there is still no consensus among economic theorists on this. In Iran, a lot of studies have been done on the relationship between financial development and inequality. These studies are mainly based on the Greenwood and Jovanovic’s nonlinear hypothesis or the Banerjee and Newman’s negative linear hypothesis. And researchers, depending on the number of observations, the type of observation, and the functional form they used, have obtained different results in verifying one of these hypotheses. Since the late 1990s, theoretical literature on financial development and inequality has undergone a major transformation, and economic theorists have introduced new channels for the impact of financial development on inequality, which is mainly not considered in the studies carried out in Iran. In this article, firstly, the theoretical foundations of the studies conducted in Iran are criticized, and then some of the most important new approaches presented regarding the relationship between financial development and inequality are explained briefly.