Document Type : Research
Author
Associate Professor of Theology, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
Abstract
One of the most famous works in Iran from the beginning of the 1960s until now is Man the Unknown by Alexis Carrel. With the passage of 70 years since the first Persian translation, the market boom of this work has not yet been lost, and at the same time, its content and function in Iranian society have not been ever analyzed. This study is the first step toward this goal. By reviewing the evidence of Iranians' attention to the book, this study aims to defend this hypothesis that the widespread promotion of the book was followed by Islamist movements as a result of important theoretical implications of the work in favor of their Theology. Followers of such movements wanted to compensate the poverty of literature and theoretical weaknesses in representing a native and modern human theory by taking advantage of Carrel's book. As we will reveal in this study, with the development of the discourse of Islamic humanities, this book has been considered as confirming the necessity of choosing an Islamic humanities instead of "western humanities".
Keywords
- Alexis Carrel
- Philosophy of Man
- Theory of Man
- Islamism
- history of contemporary Iran
- Islamic Humanities
Main Subjects
The Holy Quran.
Āl-Ebrāhīm, Maḥmūd (1994), “The Application of Psychology in the English Language”, Roshd-e Āmūzesh-e Zabān, no. 33, pp. 14-20.
Amrī, Marḍīyye and ʿAbdollāhī, Kobrā (2016), “Comparative Anthropological Study from the Perspective of the Qurʾān and Humanism”, Comparative Human Rights Studies, no. 1, pp. 53-66.
Annals of the life of ʿAlī Shariati (nd), IInserted in Dr. ʿAlī Shariati Cultural Foundation website <http//drshariati.org/?p=44>, accessed on January 7, 2022.
Anṣārī, Jaʿfar (2003), “Fundamentals of Economics from the Perspective of the Holy Qurʾān”, Maʿrafat, no. 66, pp. 17-25.
Ashofte, Amīr (1970), “Family Laws: Marriage”, Judicial Magazine, no. 57, pp. 32-42.
“Answering to a Question” (1979), Maktab-e Islam, year 18, no. 6, pp. 54-58.
Bain, Read (1936), Review of four books together, American Sociological Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 814-817.
Barzanūnī, Moḥammad ʿAlī (2016), “Spirituality at End of the World”, Mashreq-e Mowʿūd, no. 44, pp. 118-77.
Bāzargān, Mahdī (1959), “Pragmatism in Islam”, Majmūʿe-ye Ḥekmat, no. 47, pp. 14-20.
Bedrūd Bā Mashāhīr (2012), Ḥāfeẓ, no. 96, p. 76.
Beheshtī, Aḥmad (1967), “Mankind in the Scene of Life: Cultivating Emotions”, Maktab-e Islam, year 8, no. 7, pp. 43-46.
Beheshtī, Aḥmad (1967), “The World of the Child”, Maktab-e Islam, year 8, no. 6, pp. 32-35.
Beheshtī, Aḥmad (1969), “Role of Mother”, Maktab-e Islam, year 10, no. 10, pp. 44-47.
Beheshtī, Aḥmad (1974), “Great Disaster in the World Today”, Maktab-e Islam, year 15, no. 7, pp. 72-76.
Beheshtī, Aḥmad (1975), “Fight Discrimination not Difference”, Maktab-e Islam, year 16, no. 10, pp. 54-58.
Carlson, Anton Julius (1936), review of Man the Unknown, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 677-678.
Carrel, Alexis (1939), introduction to the new publication of Man, The Unknown, New York/ London, Harper & Brothers Publishers.
Carrel, Alexis, Man the Unknown, tr. ʿEnāyatollāh Shakībāpūr (1981), Tehran: Shahrīyar; Idem, tr. Parvīz Dabīrī (1975), Alexes Carrel's Collection of Works and Thoughts, Isfahan: Taʾyīd Book Store; The same translation, ed. Shahrīyār Dabīrī (2006), Isfahan: Mehr-Afrūz; The same translation, new edition (2022), Tehran: Negāh; Idem, Arabic translation by ʿĀdel Shafīq (nd), Cairo: Al-Dār al-Qawmīyya; Idem, Arabic translation by Shafīq Asʿad Farīd (1974), Beirut: Maktaba Al-Maʿārif.
Carrel, Alexis, Man, The Unknown, New York/ London, Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1935.
D.A.Y (1975), “Reason and Love with Awareness and Mobility”, Maktab-e Islam, year 16, no. 5, pp. 36-39.
Dabīrī, Mītrā (2013), “Memory of Dr. Parvīz Dabīrī”, Bokhāra, year 15, no. 88, pp. 612-615.
Darko, Suvin (1968), “Beckett's Worldview”, tr. A. Nūrīyān, Negīn, no. 37, p. 18 21.
Dordāne, Fāteme (1999), “The Right to be Different”, Ketāb-e Naqd, no. 12, pp. 54-67.
DūstMoḥammadī, Hādī (1976), “Contemporary Man Thinks Childishly”, Maktab-e Islam, year 17, no. 5, pp. 45-48.
DūstMoḥammadī, Hādī (1982), “Environment and Youth”, Maktab-e Islam, year 22, no. 1, pp. 44-47.
Esfandiari, Moḥammad (1990), “Book Title and its Selection Methods”, Āyīne-ye Pazhūhesh, no. 3, pp. 224-234.
Fakūr, Fāteme (1999), “Social and Political Status of Women”, Ketāb-e Naqd, no. 12, pp. 30-45.
Fārsī, Jalāl al-Dīn, Anthropology (1979), vol. IV: Revelational Anthropology of Human Structure, Part V: Psychoanalytic Structure, available on the website “Ya Witr al-Mawtūr” owned by Shahrīyār Salīmzāde <https://shahryarsalemzade.blog.ir>, retreived at January 17, 2022.
Friedman, David M. (2007), The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever, New York, Ecco.
Gerāmī, Moḥammad ʿAlī (1968), “The Helplessness of Eastern and Western Blocs”, Maʿāref-e Jaʿfarī, no. 9, pp. 298-308.
Ghāʾemī, ʿAlī (1989 A), “Education and Girls's Ability of Development”, first part, Tarbīyat, no. 42, pp. 22-24.
Ghāʾemī, ʿAlī (1989 B), “Education and Girls's Ability of Development”, Part IV, Tarbīyat, no. 44, pp. 10-13.
Ghāʾemī, ʿAlī (1990), “Education and Girls's Ability of Development”, Part IX, Tarbīyat, no. 49, pp. 18-21.
Ghofrānī, Moḥammad (1969), “Effect of Prayer”, Maktab-e Islam, year 11, no. 2, pp. 38-40.
Ghorbānī, Zeyn al-ʿĀbedīn (1964), “Study of Religion”, Maʿāref-e Jaʿfarī, special issue, pp. 223-267.
Ghorbānī, Zeyn al-ʿĀbedīn (1966), “With Whom is the Option of Divorce?”, Maktab-e Islam, year 7, no. 6, pp. 50-54.
Ghorbānī, Zeyn al-ʿĀbedīn (1968), “The Spirit of Imitation and Superstition”, Maktab-e Islam, year 9, no. 6, pp. 10-13.
Golgīrī, M. (1970), “Guardians of Humanity”, Maʿāref-e Jaʿfarī, no. 11, pp. 153-161.
Golī Zavāre, Gholāmreḍā (2001), “Family and Children's Education”, Moballeghān, no. 38, pp. 56-70.
Ḥakīmī, Maḥmūd (1969), “The West is Sick”, Maktab-e Islam, year 10, no. 12, pp. 29-31.
Ḥakīmī, Moḥammad Reḍā (1992), “Maktab-e Tafkīk”, Keyhān-e Farhangī, no. 95, pp. 25-5.
Haqqānī Zanjānī, Ḥoseyn (1971), “Physical and Mental Age Difference Between Men and Women”, Maktab-e Islam, year 12, no. 11, pp. 22-25.
Haqqānī Zanjānī, Ḥoseyn (1994), “Different Ways of Spiritual Growth from the Perspective of Islam”, Maktab-e Islam, year 34, no. 9, pp. 27-34.
Ḥasanī, ʿAlī Akbar (1974), “Let's Go to See the Biggest Industrial City Together”, Maktab-e Islam, year 16, no. 3, pp. 58-60.
Ḥasanī, ʿAlī Akbar (1976), “Journey to the Depths of Human Body”, Maktab-e Islam, year 17, no. 5, pp. 31-34.
Ḥasanī, ʿAlī Akbar (1983 A), “The Way to Overcome Wrong Habits”, Maktab-e Islam, year 23, no. 1, pp. 38-41.
Ḥasanī, ʿAlī Akbar (1983 B), “Features of Islamic Education and Training: the First Foundation Stone of Human Education”, Maktab-e Islam, year 23, no. 3, pp. 37-42.
Hāshemī, Ḥoseyn (2003), “Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women”, Rawāq-e Andīshe, no. 22.
HāshemīNezhād, ʿAbdol-Karīm (1958), Debate between a Doctor and a Muslim Cleric, republished in Tehran: Shāhed, 1380 SAH.
HāshemīNezhād, ʿAbdol-Karīm (1960), “Letters Received to Maktab-e Islam and the Press”, Maktab-e Islam, year 2, no. 12.
HāshemīNezhād, ʿAbdol-Karīm (1961), “Matreialism or Destructive Flood”, Maktab-e Islam, year 3, no. 9, November 1961, pp. 63-67.
Hejāzī, Fakhreddīn (1965), “Oaths of the Qurʾān”, Nāme-ye Āstān-e Qods, no. 21, pp. 2-19.
Hejvānī, Mahdī (1999), “In the End, Children Turn God Back”, Children and Adolescent Literature Research Journal, no. 18, pp. 13-2.
Hojjatī Kermānī, ʿAlī (1970), “Islam is a Way of Life: Punishment for Theft and the Losses of the Prison Regime”, Maktab-e Islam, year 11, no. 11, pp. 6-16.
Hojjatī Kermānī, ʿAlī (1971), “Civilization Incompatible with Mankind”, Maktab-e Islam, year 12, no. 9, pp. 56-61.
Ḥoseynī, Aḥmadreḍā (2008), “Looking at the Basics of the Convention on the Elimination of Any Discrimination Against Women”, Rawāq-e Andīshe, no. 1, pp. 114-124.
“Index of Mehr 1373 SAH Books Based on the Report of the General Department of Cultural Centers and Relations” (1994), Namāye, no. 35, pp. 117-96.
Imān, Moḥammad Hādī (1983), “The Vital Role of the Skin”, Roshd-e Moʿallem, no. 9, pp. 46-49.
Imānī, Moḥammad Rasūl (2004), “Descriptive Bibliography of Anthropology”, Maʿrefat, no. 81, pp. 112-120.
Imānzāde, Maʿsūme (2013), “The Role of Gender in Drafting Laws”, Strategic Management Research, year 10, no. 31, pp. 206-228.
“Islam and the Problems of Civilization: the Unknown Man” (1967), Maktab-e Islam, year 9, no. 2, pp. 51-53.
Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl (2018), “Moṭahharī, Philosophy and Modern Knowledge”, Historical Essays, no. 8, pp. 127-154.
Jalālī, Mojtabā et al. (2018), “The Dependence of Human Perfection on Religion from the Perspective of ʿAllāma Ṭabātabāʾī”, Maʿāref-e ʿAqlī, no. 39, pp. 29-46.
Janābzāde, Moḥammad ʿAlī (1970), “Rah Chonān Row ke Rahrowān Raftand”, Armaghan, year 39, no. 1, pp. 33-36.
Karīmī, Noṣrat (1999), “An Experience in Belief Therapy”, Bokhārā, no. 6, pp. 284-294.
Keith, Sir Arthur (1935), “Life Through A Laboratory Window”, The British Medical Journal, nov. 30.
Ketābī, Aḥmad (1987), “Nature and Man”, Keyhān-e Farhangī, no. 40, pp. 16-20.
“List of Books Published in Shahrivar 1383 SAH” (2004), Ketāb-e Māh-e ʿUlūm va Teknolozhī, no. 78, pp. 55-63.
“List of Books Published in Tīr 1379 SAH: Natural Sciences and Mathematics” (2000), Science and Technology Monthly Book, no. 28, pp. 49-55.
Mahdīpūr, ʿAlī Akbar (1981), “Fasting in Islam”, Maktab-e Islam, year 21, no. 5, pp. 59-64.
Makārem Shīrāzī, Nāṣer (1960), “The Great Workshop of Body”, Maktab-e Islam, year 2, no. 5, pp. 25-29.
Makārem Shīrāzī, Nāṣer (1961), “Irregularities, Disasters and Calamities Lead People to Atheism”, Maktab-e Islam, year 3, no. 2, pp. 56-62.
Makārem Shīrāzī, Nāṣer (1966), Let's Know God More, Tehran: Moḥammadī Bookstore, available at Noorlib Internet Library <https://noorlib.ir>, retreived at January 17, 2022.
Makārem Shīrāzī, Nāṣer (2005), Ethics in the Qurʾān, republished in Qom: Imam ʿAlī School of Seminary.
Malīḥī, Ḥoseyn (1997), “The Role of Prayer in Reducing Anxiety and Achieving Mental Peace”, Eṣlāḥ va Tarbīyat, no. 32, pp. 23-25.
Meṣbāḥ Yazdī, Moḥammad Taqī (1999), Education of Beliefs, Qom, Dār al-Thaghalayn.
Mīrkhalīlī, Maḥmūd (2000), “Violence and Punishment”, Ketāb-e Naqd, no. 15, pp. 124-153.
Mīrkhānī, ʿEzzat al-Sādāt (1999), “Islam and the Negation of Violence in the Family”, Women's Strategic Studies, no. 6, pp. 34-47.
Mīrkhānī, ʿEzzat al-Sādāt (2004), “Woman's Place in Nahj al-Balāgha”, Nahj al-Balāgha Researches, no. 10, pp. 111-66.
Moḥammadī, Moslem (2013), “Analysis of Gender Differences Between Men and Women in Experimental Sciences and Religious Teachings”, Religious Anthropology, no. 29, pp. 71-82.
MojtahedZāde, Moḥammad (1960), “Ensuring the Health of the Body and Soul in Islam”, Jahān-e Dānesh, no. 1, pp. 190-200.
Moṣtafavī Kāshānī, Sayyed Jalāl (1985), “Medicine from Avecina's al-Qānūn until Now”, Keyhān-e Farhangī, no. 16, pp. 19-21.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (1967), Tawḥīd, Tehran: Ṣadrā.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (1990), Philosophy of History, Tehran: Ṣadrā.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (1998), A Critique of Marxism, Tehran: Ṣadrā.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (2001), “Notes About Women in the Qurʾān”, Qurʾānic Researches, no. 28, pp. 12-29.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (2001), Khātamīyyat, Tehran: Ṣadrā.
Moṭahharī, Morteḍa (2006), Notes, Tehran: Ṣadrā.
Mūsavī Lārī, Mojtabā (1970), Islam and the Appearance of Western Civilization (2nd edition, Tehran: Ṣadr Library, 1970), cited copy: 1975 version of the book, available at Nūr-e Fāṭeme website <http://noorfatemah.org/library>, retreived at December 17, 2022.
Mūsavī, Jamāleddīn (1964), “Know the Spirit of the Youth and Find out the Real Problems of Them by Understanding Them”, Maʿāref-e Jaʿfarī, no. 1, pp. 67-77.
Mūsavī, Sayyed Mojatabā (1973), “Warning to Those Who Are in Contact with the Infected”, Maktab-e Islam, year 15, no. 2, pp. 33-36.
Mūsavīyan, ʿAbbās (2011), “Religion and Economy”, Islamic Economy, no. 8, pp. 37-60.
Naṣrī, ʿAbdollāh and Ṣamad, Behrūz (2014), “Pathology of Human Dignity from the Perspective of Nahj al-Balāgha”, Religious Anthropology, no. 33, pp. 28-5.
Navāyī, ʿAlī Akbar (2001), “Why Human Needs Religion”, Islamic Social Research, no. 36, pp. 195-214.
Nīkzād, ʿAbbās (2003), “Islamic Republic or Religious Democracy”, Rawāq-e Andīshe, no. 27, pp. 25-6.
Nīkzād, ʿAbbās (2022), “Women and Social and Political Responsibilities from the Perspective of Islam”, Rawāq-e Andīshe, no. 8, pp. 37-52.
Nūrī Hamedānī, Ḥoseyn (1961), “Wonders of the World of Creation: the Nervous System”, Maktab-e Islam, year 3, no. 5, pp. 10-15.
Nūrī Hamedānī, Ḥoseyn (1962), “A Psychological and Social Debate: Is Human Nature Created Based on Goodness?”, Maktab-e Islam, year 5, no. 1, pp. 22-26.
Oberling, Charles (1944), “Dr. Alexis Carrel”, Yadgar, year 1, no. 5, pp. 54-62.
Parcham, Aʿzam (2013), “The Necessity of Revelation and Mission from the Viewpoint of the Qurʾān”, Golestān-e Qurʾān, no. 119, pp. 5-6.
Qazvīnī, Mahvash (2013), “Prayer in Ancient Texts and Amīn's Shāhnāme”, Hāfeẓ, no. 92, pp. 81-87.
Rahbar, Moḥammad Taqī (1998), “Western Cultural Attack and Counterattack”, Pāsdār-e Islam, no. 206, pp. 14-18.
Ranjbar-e Haghīghī, ʿAlī (2004), “Comparative Personality: Analysis of Human Personality From a Psychological, Sociological, Philosophical and Theological Point of View”, Maʿrefat, no. 81, pp. 87-99.
Rashīdpūr, ʿAbdul-Majīd (1964), “Way and Customs of Life: Seeking Fame?”, Maktab-e Islam, year 5, no. 10, pp. 16-18.
Razmjū, Ḥoseyn (1979), “Man and His Personality Dimensions”, Literary Essays, no. 56, pp. 793-810.
Razmjū, Ḥoseyn (1997), “Armaghān-e Ḥejāz va Lāle-ye Ṭūr”, Keyhān-e Farhangī, no. 137, pp. 4-7.
Reggiani, Andrés Horacio (2006), “Drilling Eugenics into People’s Minds: Expertise, Public Opinion, and Biopolitics in Alexis Carrel’s Man, the Unknown”, Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s, ed. Susan Currell and Christina Cogdell, Athens, Ohio University Press.
Reggiani, Andrés Horacio (2007), God’s Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline, New York: Berghahn Books, 2007.
Ṣabbāghīyān, ʿAlī (2022), “Evaluation of Efficiency and Effectiveness Based on Motivational Factors from the Perspective of Islam”, Strategic Management Research, no. 29, pp. 77-93.
Saʿīdī, Aḥmad (1948), “Attention to Religion: the Effect and Power of Prayer”, Education and Culture, year 23, pp. 45-49.
Ṣāleḥī Kermānī, Moḥammad Ḥasan (1960), “Women Must Have Freedom; But What Is the Meaning of Freedom?”, Jahān-e Dānesh, no. 1, pp. 295‑305.
“Sayings and Writings” (1990), Pāsdār-e Islam, no. 101, pp. 36-37.
Shafīʿī Dārābī, Moḥammad Ḥoseyn (1992), “Quranic Prophecies”, Maʿrefat, no. 3, pp. 27-35.
Sharīʿatī, ʿAlī (1986), “My Idols”, Falling in the Desert, Shariati's Collection of Works, no. 13, Tehran: Chāpakhsh.
Shariati, ʿAlī (1992), What Should be Done, Shariati's Collection of Works, no. 20, Tehran: Qalam.
Sharīʿatī, ʿAlī, letter to Kāẓem Mottaḥedīn (nd), Letters, Shariati's Collection of Works, no. 34, available on Ketabnak website <http://ketabnak.com/book/48279>, accessed on 10/16/1401.
Sharīʿatī, Moḥammad Taqī (1960 A), “The Beginning of Revelation”, Nāme-ye Āstān-e Qods, no. 3, pp. 5-13.
Sharīʿatī, Moḥammad Taqi (1960 B), Introduction to Prayer by Alexis Carrel, tr. ʿAlī Sharīʿatī, Mashhad, Mashhad Students Association, 1960.
Sobḥānī, Jaʿfar (1982), “Heart and Inside or Inspiration and Illumination”, Maktab-e Islam, year 22, no. 6, pp. 16-19.
Sobḥānī, Jaʿfar (1984), Knowledge in Islamic Philosophy, republished in Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute, 2003.
Tājdīnī, Farhād (1986), “Innate Monotheistic Tendency”, Tarbīyat, year 2, no. 6, pp. 46-49.
Telegram sent on November 15 about the death of Alexis Carrel (1944), in the margin of Charles Oberling's article (See Above: Oberling).
The catalog of the National Library of Iran, accessible on the website of the Organization of Documents and the National Library of Iran <https://nlai.ir>, accessed on January 17, 1401.
The Future of Humanity (1965), Maʿāref-e Jaʿfarī, no. 4, pp. 62-67.
“The Root of Worries” (1973), Maktab-e Islam, year 14, no. 6, pp. 4-7.
Ṭūsī, ʿAzīz (2010), “Psychology and Sociology of Addiction”, Dādrasī, no. 25, pp. 59-61.
“What Do Unbalanced Events Do in an Orderly World?” (1984), Maktab-e Islam, year 24, no. 3, pp. 61-66.
“Women's Freedom Will Soon Be Limited!” (1961), Maktab-e Islam, year 3, no. 11, p.
Bain, Read (1936), Review of four books together, American Sociological Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 814-817.
Carlson, Anton Julius (1936), review of Man the Unknown, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 677-678.
Carrel, Alexis, Man, The Unknown, New York/ London, Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1935.
Carrel, Alexis (1939), introduction to the new publication of Man, The Unknown, New York/ London, Harper & Brothers Publishers.
Friedman, David M. (2007), The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever, New York, Ecco.
Keith, Sir Arthur (1935), “Life Through A Laboratory Window”, The British Medical Journal, nov. 30.
Reggiani, Andrés Horacio (2007), God’s Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline, New York: Berghahn Books, 2007.
Reggiani, Andrés Horacio (2006), “Drilling Eugenics into People’s Minds: Expertise, Public Opinion, and Biopolitics in Alexis Carrel’s Man, the Unknown”, Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s, ed. Susan Currell and Christina Cogdell, Athens, Ohio University Press.
', './data/crtls/coversheet/cover_en.jpg'))