Anthropology
Sayyed Hossein Hosseini
Abstract
The main question of this study is to determine the conceptual relation between "social refining (Tahzibe ejtemaie)" with "social human" to address one of the most important challenges of today's society on how human interaction in complicated and new social relations. Therefore, after introducing the ...
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The main question of this study is to determine the conceptual relation between "social refining (Tahzibe ejtemaie)" with "social human" to address one of the most important challenges of today's society on how human interaction in complicated and new social relations. Therefore, after introducing the general framework of the book "Social Human" by Dahrendorf and briefly describing its formative dimensions, this study deals with the basic concepts of social humans. This study will show that it is possible to go beyond the thought of a "problem analysis unit" and provide a more precise social conception. Although Dahrendorf considered two concepts of social role and social position as the constituents of social human beings and in this way, the two realities of individual and society are interconnected, since the subject in his mind was not "social refining", it has not been studied so far how we can link social human to social refining? In his analysis, Dahrendorf assumed an independent identity for the two concepts of individual and society, and according to him, a social human is a human being who has different social roles. Thus, social human should be called "human in society", but in another analysis, the individual cannot be imagined independently of society, but the real identity of individuals is formed in society and social relations. The present study deals with the three features of social refining and organizational power. Finally, it emphasizes the research necessities in this regard and especially the issue of a comprehensive moral plan.
Anthropology
Zeynab Shariatnia; Hadi Vakili
Abstract
The book History and Theory in Anthropology by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and ...
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The book History and Theory in Anthropology by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.
Sociology
Asghar Izadi-Jeiran
Abstract
The relationship between individual and culture as the main subject in psychological anthropology had been engaged anthropologists from the early days of the discipline. Culture and Identity: The History, Theory, and Practice of Psychological Anthropology (second edition, 2007) by Charles Lindholm is ...
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The relationship between individual and culture as the main subject in psychological anthropology had been engaged anthropologists from the early days of the discipline. Culture and Identity: The History, Theory, and Practice of Psychological Anthropology (second edition, 2007) by Charles Lindholm is one of the best and most comprehensive resources in this field. The book is organized into five sections, with thirteen chapters. Lindholm began the book by exploring of self and individual in the culture and thought of the West, then turn to anthropology to show its contribution through ethnographic research. Some classic subjects of psychology such as self, thinking, emotions, and mental disorders are discussed by reference to anthropological legacy. Culture and Identity has many strengths including a good and concise review of philosophical approaches, extensive use of data of anthropological fieldworks, grounding the discussions of psychological anthropology in the broader contexts of some events in the scientific community, comprehensiveness of bibliography, and combining theory with experimental examples.
Art
Mohammad Ali Merati
Abstract
This article takes a critical look at Alan Merriam's book Anthropology (1923-1980), while the history of ethnomusicology considers this work as one of the foundations of the field. The knowledge of musicology and its relation to anthropology after the second half of the twentieth century is somehow gradually ...
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This article takes a critical look at Alan Merriam's book Anthropology (1923-1980), while the history of ethnomusicology considers this work as one of the foundations of the field. The knowledge of musicology and its relation to anthropology after the second half of the twentieth century is somehow gradually tied to the connection between music and Human. This article intends to examine this work in contemporary theories by considering the basic and fundamental axes of “Human Musical”. Probably, the design of some of Merriam’s principles in this book, if he were alive today, would face challenges. The process of this critique will have comparisons in the methods and ideas of comparative musicology that have been revived in the last decade or two with international music associations. But the main focus of this article is the interdisciplinary critique within the field of Ethnomusicology, which believes in the use of theories and methods more independent of the humanities or social sciences.
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Mozafar Amini; Hossein Mohammadi
Abstract
Many linguistic studies are the result of individual field research or a group of researchers in different language communities. The book entitled, Language, Status and Power in Iran, written by William O. Beeman, is also amongst those field studies which is based on language and especially Persian ...
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Many linguistic studies are the result of individual field research or a group of researchers in different language communities. The book entitled, Language, Status and Power in Iran, written by William O. Beeman, is also amongst those field studies which is based on language and especially Persian language. The scope of the writer’s study is broaden to cultural, social, anthropological issues and different parts of Iranian life. Beeman’s book has some interpretations, and ideas of the Iranian society on scientific principles and in a specific framework; however, it is based on a small language community and it may have some problems. A number of issues and analyses of Iranian customs, culture, and language are examined. An important critique of this book is the generalization of Beeman’s book to the whole of Iran. Regarding the translation of the book, it should be mentioned that it was vital to be done.
Anthropology
Parvin Ghasemi
Abstract
The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that ...
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The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that science, research, and anthropology have contributed to colonization. Pieces of evidence of inhumane research by British colonists in New Zealand on the Maori are presented in the book. This book shows that, in the face of numerous struggles that the Maori tribes have made with the colonists, today, the meaning and application of “research” have become different from the past, and they welcomed “research” with open arms. According to the evidence, the main culprit is not “research” but the economic and political ambitions of the colonial countries that overshadow the name of research and anthropology. The Maoris always in particular and the Polynesians generally are introduced and identified from the perspective of foreign anthropologists, But in this book, she is a Maori woman who writes and records and expresses her opinion and analysis of the past and anthropology. In this book, is not to be seen anti-colonialist view of the West or colonialism in the light of their understanding of the Maori. This issue is less addressed in anti-colonial works. Writing about the Maori themselves and their wounds will help to improve the situation, but it does not require us to understand the West and colonize from a careful perspective and pay attention to the subjective layers.
Anthropology
Amir Qorbanpoor Lafmejani
Abstract
Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome ...
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Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome inferiority and attain perfection in life, by relying on free will. Also, man is inherently neutral to moral values, and moral values are not real. According to the anthropological view of this theorist and the social and cultural conditions of his life, which is fundamentally different from the Iranian Islamic society, it is necessary to criticize and examine this theory according to the intellectual foundations of Islam. From the Islamic point of view, man is a two-dimensional being whose relation is not limited to the social environment and is also related to himself, God, and nature. Also, the human will is in line with the will of God, and as a result of this will, he is responsible for his behaviors. According to Islam, the purpose of life is to worship and a nearness to God. That is, if all the behaviors of a Muslim man are for God and His pleasure, that is, his intention to do things is only God’s pleasure, he will approach God, and the purpose of his creation will be achieved.
Philosophy
Somayyeh Rafigi; Muhammad Asghari
Abstract
In the late years of his life, Kant added the question "What is Human Being?" to his basic philosophical questions and regarded its answer the answers other questions. But what is Kant’s answer to this question? In book entitled, Kant’s Pragmatic Anthropology, Wilson attempts to explore in ...
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In the late years of his life, Kant added the question "What is Human Being?" to his basic philosophical questions and regarded its answer the answers other questions. But what is Kant’s answer to this question? In book entitled, Kant’s Pragmatic Anthropology, Wilson attempts to explore in his uncritical works such as anthropology, religion in the bounds of only reason and education, which calls them Kant’s “philosophy of experience”, finds his answer to this question. In this work, she claims that Kant’s pragmatic anthropology is not empirical psychology, in addition to exploring in the origin and meaning of pragmatic humanism, introducing man from the perspective of this philosopher as being possess the four predisposition animal, technical, pragmatic and ethical that should try with use of his talent to attain the ultimate destiny of humanity, which is ethics and freedom. Moreover, from the point of view of this writer, reflective theological judgment is thebridge between Kant’s anthropology and his critical works that, through using them, he tried to teach his students practical knowledge in order to be able them to find their position in the social, political, and cultural world.
