Document Type : Research

Author

Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty Member, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

Abstract

Piracy is the oldest crime with universal jurisdiction to prosecute its perpetrators. In recent years, with the many changes that have taken place in the manner and place of piracy, as well as the way countries approach the issue of jurisdiction and prosecution of international crime defendants, the continued establishment of universal jurisdiction over piracy has been questioned. Therefore, given the doubts that have arisen about the possibility of continuing the exercise of universal jurisdiction over piracy in the last decade, can this principle still be applied to piracy? This research tries to answer the above question by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. Considering the critical developments that have taken place in various dimensions of pirate attacks, including the use of new weapons and also the relocation of attacks (from the high seas to inland seas and coasts), it can be said that piracy was the first crime in the international arena for that universal competence has been established, but this principle can no longer be applied and applied due to the changing atmosphere of the international community and the elimination of the main reasons that justified its implementation in the past, and alternatives must be sought for it.

Keywords

Main Subjects

بیگ زاده، ابراهیم (1389). مجموعه مقالات دزدی دریایی در حقوق بین الملل، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات دفتر انجمن ایرانی حقوق بین الملل سازمان ملل.
بیگی، جمال، کاتانچی، الناز (2018). «رویکرد دادگاه کیفری بین المللی به خسارت معنوی قربانیان تعرض جنسی»، فصلنامه مطالعات بین الملل، سال پانزدهم، شماره 2.
پوربافرانی، حسن (1397). حقوق جزای بین الملل، چاپ یازدهم، تهران: نشر جنگل.
حبیب زاده، محمد جعفر و همکاران (1384). «قاعده منع محاکمه و مجازات مجدد در حقوق جزای بین الملل»، فصلنامه معلم علوم انسانی، ویژه نامه حقوق.
خالقی، علی (1398)، جستارهایی در حقوق جزای بین الملل، چاپ ششم، تهران: انتشارات شهر دانش.
خبیری. کبک، جدلی، صافی ناز (1389). «صلاحیت جهانی و کارایی آن در مبارزه و پیگیری جرایم بین المللی»، فصلنامه راهبرد، سال 19، شماره 55، تابستان.
دلخوش، علی رضا (1396). مقابله با جرایم بین المللی: تعهد دولت ها به همکاری، چاپ دوم، تهران: نشر شهر دانش.
فروغی، فضل الله (1388). «منشأ و ماهیت اصل صلاحیت جهانی». مجله مطالعات حقوقی، دانشگاه شیراز، دور اول، شماره 3.
شریعت باقری، محمد جواد (1397). حقوق کیفری بین المللی، چاپ پانزدهم، تهران: نشر جنگل.
کاظمی، سید سجاد، حیدری، سجاد (1398). «محاکمه متهمان دزدی دریایی در دادگاه کیفری بین المللی (ICC)»، فصلنامه مطالعات بین الملل، دوره 16، شماره 2 (62)، پاییز.
Archibugi, Daniele and Marina Chiarugi(2015). "Looking for a Jurisdiction for Somali Pirates", Italian National Research Council, IRPPS, October.
Blackston,. Wiliam (1995). "4 Commentaries 71. Louis HenkinL, International Law", Politics and Values, 24.
Bingham,W,Joseph.(2016). "part iv_Piracy", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, No. 1.
Cowles,B,Willard(1995). "Universal jurisdiction over war crimes", Cal.L.REW, 33.
Dickinson,d,Edward(1994). "Is the Crime of Piracy Obsolete?", HARV.L.REV, 38.
Doby, Debra(2013). "Piracy Jure Gentium: The Jurisdictional Conflict Of the High Seas and Territorial Waters", Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, Vol. 41, No. 4, October.
Dubner, Barry Hart and Karen Greene (2010). "»On the Creation of a New Legal Regime to Try Sea Pirates" , Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce, Vol. 41, No. 3, July.
D,H,Johnson (1997). Piracy in modern int law, Transactions of  the grotius society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Five edition.
Gilbert, Geoff.(2009). "Crimes sans frontiers: jurisdictional problems in English law", British Yearbook of International Law, Volume 63, Issue 1.
Goodwin. Joshua Michael (2016). "Universal Jurisdiction and the Pirate". Vanderbilt Journal Of Transnational Law, vol 39.
K.C.Randall (1998). "Universal jurisdiction under international law", Texas .l.r. 66.
Kontorovich, Eugene (2014). "The Piracy Analogy: Modern Universal Jurisdiction’s, Hollow Foundation", Harvard International Law Journal, Volume 45, Number 1, Winter.
Kontorovich, Eugene (2017). "Implementing Sosa v. Alvarez- Machain: What piracy Reveals About the Limits of the Alien Tort Statute?", Notre dame L. REV,80. 111.
Pyeatt Menefee, Samuel (2008). "The Case of the Castle John, or Greenbeard the Pirate?, Envirionmentalism. piracy and  the Development of International Law", 24 cal, W.INTL.L.J.1.4.
Rubin, Alfred(2016). "The Law of Piracy", U.S. NAVY WAR C. Intl L. STU, 63.
S.S.Korbick (2004). "The ex post facto prohibition and the exercise of universal jurisdiction over international crimes". Columbia L.R. 87.
Shaw, M.N(1994). International law, Third Edition, Cambridge: Grotius publications.
Nathaniel, Smith(2018). "Piratical Jurisdiction: The Plundering of Due Process in The Case of Lei Shi",  Emory International Law REVIEW, vol 23..
Wright, Leigh(2017). "Piracy in the Southeast Asian Archipelago". Journal of Oriental Studies,vol 14.
Wenxuan Ding, Amy (2010). "A Tactical Campaign at the Horn of Africa: Deploy Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Maritime Security", Defense&Security Analysis, Vol. 26, No. 2, June.
Zhenhua, Li (2010). "Universal Jurisdiction under International Law", Aegean Institute of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law, vol 45.