Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Ali Bayat
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 1-14
Abstract
Study and Analysis of Urdu Elegiac Poets Innovations Ali Bayat* According to some researchers and critics of the indian subcontinent, among poetic literary genre of Urdu literature, “elegy” is a genre quite independent from the Arabic and even the Persian one. A research study can verify ...
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Study and Analysis of Urdu Elegiac Poets Innovations Ali Bayat* According to some researchers and critics of the indian subcontinent, among poetic literary genre of Urdu literature, “elegy” is a genre quite independent from the Arabic and even the Persian one. A research study can verify this fact. It is clear that since past times mourning and lamenting for the dead has been present in the cultures of all nations throughout the world, and will be so in future as well. The only difference among them relates to the genres of means, and intensity or weakness of expressing sadness. Elegy for the martyrs of Karbala in Persian and Urdu has got a special form because of its religious aspects. Elegy writers of Urdu, specifically, famous poets like Mir Anis and Mirza Dabir have developed elegy so much that most of the researchers and critics of the Indian subcontinent, apart from their religious inclinations, have confessed about its literary significance. They added some parts to elegy, which more than being sad, its dialogic and characteristics attract the readers and listeners. Creating new terms like "Bain" (Lamentation), “Shahadat” (Martyrdom), “Razm” (war) and etc. in the form of Tarkib-band-e Mosadas, they have developed a new literary genre. Therefore, only prominent poets could enter in this new arena, and during the shining period of Urdu elegy in Lakhnaw, low-educated poets automatically were put aside, and prominent poets elevated importance of Urdu elegy very much. Study and Analysis of Urdu Elegiac Poets Innovations According to some researchers and critics of the indian subcontinent, among poetic literary genre of Urdu literature, “elegy” is a genre quite independent from the Arabic and even the Persian one. A research study can verify this fact. It is clear that since past times mourning and lamenting for the dead has been present in the cultures of all nations throughout the world, and will be so in future as well. The only difference among them relates to the genres of means, and intensity or weakness of expressing sadness. Elegy for the martyrs of Karbala in Persian and Urdu has got a special form because of its religious aspects. Elegy writers of Urdu, specifically, famous poets like Mir Anis and Mirza Dabir have developed elegy so much that most of the researchers and critics of the Indian subcontinent, apart from their religious inclinations, have confessed about its literary significance. They added some parts to elegy, which more than being sad, its dialogic and characteristics attract the readers and listeners. Creating new terms like "Bain" (Lamentation), “Shahadat” (Martyrdom), “Razm” (war) and etc. in the form of Tarkib-band-e Mosadas, they have developed a new literary genre. Therefore, only prominent poets could enter in this new arena, and during the shining period of Urdu elegy in Lakhnaw, low-educated poets automatically were put aside, and prominent poets elevated importance of Urdu elegy very much.
Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Atousa Tafreshi; Ahmad Vasookolaee
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 15-34
Abstract
Objective: This research aims at investigating the role of culture in language teaching through reviewing the concepts of language and culture and examining their relation. The literature and some theories in the field are reviewed in order to clarify the relation between these fields and throw the light ...
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Objective: This research aims at investigating the role of culture in language teaching through reviewing the concepts of language and culture and examining their relation. The literature and some theories in the field are reviewed in order to clarify the relation between these fields and throw the light on language teaching and learning process and some research needs from a different perspective. Method: Descriptive-analytic method is used to review the studies. Results and Discussion: Culture teaching not only has some positive effects in foreign language learning and being a competent foreign language speaker, but also it is somehow inevitable in language teaching process. To teach culture there are different methods which can be used. In fact teaching foreign language can be effective only when some of the cultural features of language society are taught.
Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Tahmoures Sajedi
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 35-44
Abstract
The book, French Grammar, translated and compiled by a researcher, who have successfully created a work which can be considered as a reference book for the people familiar with French language. Having a complete command of the subject, this author translator has divided the contents of his research into ...
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The book, French Grammar, translated and compiled by a researcher, who have successfully created a work which can be considered as a reference book for the people familiar with French language. Having a complete command of the subject, this author translator has divided the contents of his research into a balanced order of chapters; within each of the chapters he has brought French sentences with minute translation of them together with their specific expressions as well. In all cases it is tried to present the meaning through simple sentences. Among his attempts, I can refer to the emphasis on French alphabet, gender of nouns, articles, nouns of plurality, irregular and regular verbs, object nouns and their agreement. In this study, we try to show that despite limited sources for this translation, the translator has been able to prepare a well-formed and useful grammar, and present the French grammar with modern examples and necessary explanations, for the interested people at secondary level. Therefore, to point out the real value of the work, at the beginning of this article we have considered the present status of this grammar in comparison with former grammars.
Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Mehdi Sabzevari
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 45-61
Abstract
Compound nouns are one of the important parts of lexicon in every language. They are result of interaction between morphology and syntax. Compounding is one of the subjects which have been always under research in the history of linguistic studies from different aspects. The semantic aspect of compounds ...
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Compound nouns are one of the important parts of lexicon in every language. They are result of interaction between morphology and syntax. Compounding is one of the subjects which have been always under research in the history of linguistic studies from different aspects. The semantic aspect of compounds in Farsi has not been so much in consideration in recent studies. This paper with a semantic-cognitive approach surveys different kinds and nature of semantic relations in exocentric compound noun. From perspective of cognitive studies in linguistics the very kind of semantic relation which exists between constituents of compounds is a decisive criterion for the final comprehension and interpretation of a compound. In fact the way by which the constituents of a compound link together results in the emergence of semantic relation between head and modifier. In every language we find endocentric compounds with a semantic head inside the compound and consequently a compositional meaning. On the other hand, there are plentiful of compounds-exocentric compounds-in a language which have no semantic head and consequently no compositionality. For these exocentric compounds we find the referent of the compound out of it and it should be listed in lexicon and to be memorized.This paper gives us a better understanding of the nature of semantic relations in compounds and it could be used in lexicography, corpus linguistics and morpho-semantic studies of lexicon
Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Mohammad Hossein Ghorashi
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 63-84
Abstract
Because of the language complexity, knowing the nature of it is very difficult. During the centuries, the Scientists, philosophers and researchers have thought about the language problems. The whole knowledge of the language was called “elmal-lesan” by Farabe. Also, Farabe talks about the ...
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Because of the language complexity, knowing the nature of it is very difficult. During the centuries, the Scientists, philosophers and researchers have thought about the language problems. The whole knowledge of the language was called “elmal-lesan” by Farabe. Also, Farabe talks about the relation between language and logic. He says, the place of logic in relation with the reason is the same as the place of grammar in relation with language. In the first chapter of his book (ehsa-alolum), Farabe has discussed the language and linguistics. His talks is based on language universals.In this essay, the author has tried to study Farabe’s point of view about language and linguistics; and also, he tries to determine Farabe’s role on the study of language.
Research
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Amir Hossein Madani
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 85-96
Abstract
Hermeneutics -the science of how to comprehend texts- is widely talked about in the West these days. It dates back to the 14th century. It is a major mental concern for a large number of scholars and philosophors. It is mostly translated into “Interpretation” or “ta'veel” in Persian. ...
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Hermeneutics -the science of how to comprehend texts- is widely talked about in the West these days. It dates back to the 14th century. It is a major mental concern for a large number of scholars and philosophors. It is mostly translated into “Interpretation” or “ta'veel” in Persian. It was firstly used in the Bible by “Schleiermacher” and then spread into all other human affairs and experiences. Today, hermeneutics is largely involved in all human fields and end eavours, even in “history” which is merely concerned with the truth and falsehood of different things.
Research
Foreign Languages
Marzieh Yahyapour; Zeinab Sahlabad; janolah karimi Motahhar
Volume 12, Issue 24 , April 2012, Pages 97-116
Abstract
s article is about different features of resistance and mother land in Anna Akhmatova’s poets; a contemporary Russian poetess, and there are some hints about effective elements in her works and life which have special reflexes in her poems. Russia’s history in Stalin’s government has ...
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s article is about different features of resistance and mother land in Anna Akhmatova’s poets; a contemporary Russian poetess, and there are some hints about effective elements in her works and life which have special reflexes in her poems. Russia’s history in Stalin’s government has been reflected in Anna’s poems, mother land had effective tone in them; and has been changed into one of special symbols, so that love, family and life was meaningless without it. Her tragic fate was connected to bitter fate of her country in ‘horror government’ ages, the effects of hard life is obvious in her works.The article is about serving Anna’s some epic poems specially poems ‘Requiem’. In poems ‘Requiem’; epic poems were mixed with lyric ones. Poetess’s female mind is obvious in these poems, and epic changed into new and specific style by emotional female them. Epic was mixed with loneliness and sufferings but with resistance and hop.
