Anthropology
Hadi Vakili; Sanam Morovati
Abstract
The historical study of the role of women in different classes of society, including the Sufi class, will provide a comprehensive and accurate understanding of them. Trying to understand this role considering the dominance of the patriarchal view is actually a way to analyze and criticize this ruling ...
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The historical study of the role of women in different classes of society, including the Sufi class, will provide a comprehensive and accurate understanding of them. Trying to understand this role considering the dominance of the patriarchal view is actually a way to analyze and criticize this ruling view. Numerous pieces of historical evidence testify to the concept of transsexualism in Sufism, which makes the historical neglect of women in such an attitude incomprehensible. In a patriarchal society where women have fewer opportunities than men to participate in the social, economic, religious, and political arenas and are usually marginalized from the text, naturally, women's entry into the ranks of mystics and during the stages of mystical perfection has faced many difficulties. This study examines the history of Sufi women and how they entered the mystical path and concludes that several factors have been important in guiding women to the mystical path, the most important of which is the kinship relationship that has been ignored by the patriarchal view, and this is one of the most important critiques of the patriarchal attitude towards the flow of behavior and Sufism.
Anthropology
Leila Ardebili
Abstract
Linguistic anthropology, as one of the most important subfields of anthropology, seeks to examine how language, as a social entity, plays an active role in the life of a society and encodes various aspects of social relations in a society. This branch of science, which is interdisciplinary in essence, ...
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Linguistic anthropology, as one of the most important subfields of anthropology, seeks to examine how language, as a social entity, plays an active role in the life of a society and encodes various aspects of social relations in a society. This branch of science, which is interdisciplinary in essence, tries to study the linguistic phenomena in a social context instead of in a vacuum, and thus decipher the hidden social components behind the use of different linguistic levels, from phonology and lexicography to syntax and semantics. The present article critically examines “Living Language: An Introduction to the Anthropological Linguistics” written by Laura M. Ahearn aims to show how the hidden social spheres of language, such as culture, thought, socialization, gender, race, ethnicity, power, etc. can be studied in terms of linguistic use in different contexts. By considering language as a map, we can find a way to understand the society in question.
Anthropology
Sayyed Hossein Hosseini
Abstract
The main question of this study is to determine the conceptual relation between "social refining (Tahzibe ejtemaie)" with "social human" to address one of the most important challenges of today's society on how human interaction in complicated and new social relations. Therefore, after introducing the ...
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The main question of this study is to determine the conceptual relation between "social refining (Tahzibe ejtemaie)" with "social human" to address one of the most important challenges of today's society on how human interaction in complicated and new social relations. Therefore, after introducing the general framework of the book "Social Human" by Dahrendorf and briefly describing its formative dimensions, this study deals with the basic concepts of social humans. This study will show that it is possible to go beyond the thought of a "problem analysis unit" and provide a more precise social conception. Although Dahrendorf considered two concepts of social role and social position as the constituents of social human beings and in this way, the two realities of individual and society are interconnected, since the subject in his mind was not "social refining", it has not been studied so far how we can link social human to social refining? In his analysis, Dahrendorf assumed an independent identity for the two concepts of individual and society, and according to him, a social human is a human being who has different social roles. Thus, social human should be called "human in society", but in another analysis, the individual cannot be imagined independently of society, but the real identity of individuals is formed in society and social relations. The present study deals with the three features of social refining and organizational power. Finally, it emphasizes the research necessities in this regard and especially the issue of a comprehensive moral plan.
Anthropology
shiva Alinaghian
Abstract
Many Scholars believe that “Imagined Communities” is one of a most influential Books in Late 20th. Based on the Anderson’s Point of view, Nationalism is not a false capitalist consciousness, instead it is produced by one of a fundamental aspects of capitalism. “Print Capitalism” ...
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Many Scholars believe that “Imagined Communities” is one of a most influential Books in Late 20th. Based on the Anderson’s Point of view, Nationalism is not a false capitalist consciousness, instead it is produced by one of a fundamental aspects of capitalism. “Print Capitalism” in its historical context, is a type of economic corporation which is not only affected on the formation and distribution of culture, but it also was a part of capitalist production as well. His contribution was to show how print industry helped development of national units. A critical review can declare Anderson’s analysis is less practical and useful. It could not explain how a nation is distinguished from other types of community which he has constructed in the book. In addition, his analysis faces three serious problems: his understanding of nation is something classless, asocial and universal; minorities, marginal and subaltern groups are absent in his analysis, and finally he is unconsidered to sexuality structures and women’s reproductive role in generating a nation. These obstacles base his construction of citizenship and nation upon white, middle class, educated European men.
Anthropology
Zeynab Shariatnia; Hadi Vakili
Abstract
The book History and Theory in Anthropology by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and ...
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The book History and Theory in Anthropology by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.
Anthropology
Parvin Ghasemi
Abstract
This paper seeks to address aspects of contemporary Iranian anthropology by focusing on one of the works of Margaret Mead, a prominent American anthropologist. One of these aspects goes back to the introduction of a less-known work by Margaret Mead in Iran. In this regard, the position of classical works ...
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This paper seeks to address aspects of contemporary Iranian anthropology by focusing on one of the works of Margaret Mead, a prominent American anthropologist. One of these aspects goes back to the introduction of a less-known work by Margaret Mead in Iran. In this regard, the position of classical works in Iranian academic anthropology is discussed. Anthropology, in the work of Margaret Mead, is based on philanthropy, presence, understanding, theorizing, as well as futurism in the past. The principles of understanding this type of anthropology is imagination, writing, philanthropy, movement, and seeing. Without addressing the classics in anthropology education, current Iranian academic education pays less attention to these basic works in anthropology. Iranian university anthropology, its curricula, the quantity and quality of student participation in curriculum design and development, need to be reviewed and revised. Reviewing classical works, extracting hidden and obvious principles in these texts and compiling curricula based on those principles according to the needs of this science taken from the opinions of students and graduates, will be effective in improving this area.
Anthropology
Parisa Goudarzi; Mohsen Shabani
Abstract
Moral psychology is one of the emerging disciplines in interdisciplinary studies in the field of moral philosophy and psychology. Moral psychology seeks to bridge the boundaries of science and philosophy in the field of psychology and ethics. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics ...
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Moral psychology is one of the emerging disciplines in interdisciplinary studies in the field of moral philosophy and psychology. Moral psychology seeks to bridge the boundaries of science and philosophy in the field of psychology and ethics. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion? by Jonathan Haidt is one of the most influential works in this field. In this paper, the authors have tried to bring the boundaries of psychology and ethics closer to each other. Haidt seeks to suggest a way of thinking about two divisive issues in human life: politics and religion. For this purpose, he has used the available resources in the fields of philosophy, moral philosophy, psychology, social sciences, and genetics. Much of the book's data is lived and experienced by the author himself. This has made the present book an excellent one in the field of psychology and ethics, especially in the field of moral intuitionism and social intuitionism. The author believes that understanding and empathizing with the political and religious views of others or, in his words, validating the moral matrices of others, eliminates divisions between people. Due to its very simple language, coherent and empirical analyzes, this book can be made available to the general public, both academics and non-academics.
Anthropology
Hamed Vahdati Nasab; Alieh Abdollahi
Abstract
The under review book of Homo Deus, A Brief History of Tomorrow, is the second part of the trilogy of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century were all written by Yuval Noah Harari. In this book, the writer has first reviewed the history behind the formation of the human mindset from Paleolithic ...
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The under review book of Homo Deus, A Brief History of Tomorrow, is the second part of the trilogy of Sapiens, Homo Deus, and 21 Lessons for the 21st Century were all written by Yuval Noah Harari. In this book, the writer has first reviewed the history behind the formation of the human mindset from Paleolithic to the renaissance with particular emphasis on the scientific revolution and appearance of the humanism paradigm and its subdivisions (liberalism, socialism, and fascism). Doing so, he concluded that the invention of the internet of everything and using more sophisticated computer-generated algorithms by Google and Facebook (Dataism) would eventually put humans aside forever. The writers of this critique compared the Farsi translation with the English one and realized that some parts of the Farsi version suffer from improper translation, and some other parts have been deleted during the translation. In addition to that, it is probable that human societies might escape from the illustrated dark future by Harari. Learning from past events, and more importantly, using our global consciousness, which we possess more than ever, might change the inevitable future.
Anthropology
Mohammad Amir Ahmadzadeh
Abstract
Socio-cultural reading is one of the most important approaches in cultural history, which is highlighted in the book "An Introduction to the Cultural History of the Body in Iran". In this article, the methodology and content of the text begin with the question of how the use of discourse approach in ...
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Socio-cultural reading is one of the most important approaches in cultural history, which is highlighted in the book "An Introduction to the Cultural History of the Body in Iran". In this article, the methodology and content of the text begin with the question of how the use of discourse approach in the cultural history of the body has an impact on the authors of the book and their reading of the sources and events of Iranian history and to find out its strengths and weaknesses. By using a critical approach and historical analysis, the discussion can be achieved in an attempt to formulate a new history of Iran, provide a different interpretation of the understanding of history, highlight the sociological approach and cultural studies of the body, interpret the cover as cultural, political and religious mentioned the use of literary and illustrated sources with the aim of strengthening the socio-cultural history approach. However, the universal and detailed view as a result of the dominance of the holistic and theory-based approach in the text of the work is impaired, and several historical data can be presented that challenge the inference of the authors of the book. On the other hand, the four divisions of the historical periods of Iran into the imperial era, the constitutional era, the modern era, and the religious era in different seasons have serious problems and do not correspond to the periods of Iranian history.
Anthropology
Mahdi Baratifar; Hadi Vakili
Abstract
According to the normative theories, one can speak of the three types of duty-based ethics, result-based ethics, and virtue-based ethics. A study of the history of Islamic rational-narrative traditions reveals the foundations and perspectives of all three types of ethics among Muslim thinkers. According ...
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According to the normative theories, one can speak of the three types of duty-based ethics, result-based ethics, and virtue-based ethics. A study of the history of Islamic rational-narrative traditions reveals the foundations and perspectives of all three types of ethics among Muslim thinkers. According to the authors, the fourth type of ethics can also be considered as “Caliphate-oriented ethics”, which is based on the assumption and succession between man and God, or in the sense of human Rabbi and Abd. In this article, we attempt to examine the concept of “Caliphate-based ethics” by examining the mystical ethics in the tradition of theoretical mysticism. According to the authors, (1) this type of ethics may be the correct interpretation of “mystical ethics” - in the tradition of theoretical mysticism attributed to Ibn al-Arabi; (2) Imam Khomeini’s mystical ethics is more compatible with “caliphate-based ethics” than other normative ethics theories; and (3) Caliphate-based ethics is subordinated to virtue ethics. In fact, the Caliphate’s ethics should be viewed as a virtue theory that differs in the nature of virtues, the method of recognizing virtues, and how to achieve virtues with conventional approaches to virtue ethics. In short, in this theory, virtues are the attributes of God, the method of recognizing virtues is the knowledge of the virtues, and the method of becoming virtuous is to imitate God and then become the caliph of God through mystical conduct in three stages. Purification, Polishing, and Adornation. In fact, it is this methodology of knowledge and moral development that is based on anthropology and mystical theology, which is found in the mystical works of the school of theoretical mysticism, including the mystical works of Imam Khomeini.
Anthropology
Sayyed Hossein Hosseini
Abstract
The present paper introduces and criticizes the book, entitled Philosophical Anthropology, authored by Hans Dierkes. In this book, the author has selected texts containing educational perspectives on the subject matter of the discussion, proposed mainly without any comprehensive analysis and deep systematization. ...
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The present paper introduces and criticizes the book, entitled Philosophical Anthropology, authored by Hans Dierkes. In this book, the author has selected texts containing educational perspectives on the subject matter of the discussion, proposed mainly without any comprehensive analysis and deep systematization. After mentioning four levels of philosophical anthropology proposed by Dierkes and criticizing them, this paper talks about the importance of paying attention to the new approach called “dimensional anthropology”, and in addition to investigating the anthropology classification in the book structure, it has referred to the proposed quadripartite model in the human exposure to self, nature, society, and God. In the following, the similarities and differences between the anthropological perspectives are explained using the analytical-critical method, and it paves the way for their philosophical criticism. Accordingly, the most important finding of this research is that most of the anthropological perspectives have paid attention to one or more than one dimension of human facets and have been magnified, and there are few perspectives in which one can achieve the analysis of the relation and interaction between all human forces, indicating the importance of paying attention to the philosophical and methodological foundations of “dimensional anthropology”. This book is very helpful with regard to opening scientific horizons and posing main anthropological questions, but presenting any definition of the realm and examples of philosophical anthropology depends on the explanation of the “subject” and “method” of such approach, and no clear boundary can be found between the four levels of Philosophical Anthropology proposed by Dierkes without having an accurate perspective on its components.
Anthropology
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Hamideh Shiri-Mohammadabad
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a change has occurred in the paradigm of the development model, especially individual and social development, and the theoretical model of dynamic human training has been attracting considerable interest since then. Indeed, humans and their needs were viewed from a different ...
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Over the last two decades, a change has occurred in the paradigm of the development model, especially individual and social development, and the theoretical model of dynamic human training has been attracting considerable interest since then. Indeed, humans and their needs were viewed from a different angle, and the communities set it as their goal to educate and train psychologically and socially good/OK humans. Thomas A. Harris, an American author, is one of the noted psychiatrists who has researched this subject for several decades. He has written several books on the good status and the good human. He believes that good training bred good status. This article firstly provides a short introduction about the book, and then in the second part, the Transactional Analysis Theory is introduced, and then the structure and content of the book are mentioned in the third part. In the rest of the paper, the criticisms and evaluation of the book are presented in two sub-sections (a) evaluation of form and (b) evaluation of the content. In the final section of the paper, the conclusion of the book is presented.
Anthropology
Parvin Ghasemi
Abstract
The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that ...
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The book of Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples was written in anti-colonial texts with orientations toward anthropology, research, and science. From anthropology to science and research was blamed by the writer because of using them by the colonial system. The author claims that science, research, and anthropology have contributed to colonization. Pieces of evidence of inhumane research by British colonists in New Zealand on the Maori are presented in the book. This book shows that, in the face of numerous struggles that the Maori tribes have made with the colonists, today, the meaning and application of “research” have become different from the past, and they welcomed “research” with open arms. According to the evidence, the main culprit is not “research” but the economic and political ambitions of the colonial countries that overshadow the name of research and anthropology. The Maoris always in particular and the Polynesians generally are introduced and identified from the perspective of foreign anthropologists, But in this book, she is a Maori woman who writes and records and expresses her opinion and analysis of the past and anthropology. In this book, is not to be seen anti-colonialist view of the West or colonialism in the light of their understanding of the Maori. This issue is less addressed in anti-colonial works. Writing about the Maori themselves and their wounds will help to improve the situation, but it does not require us to understand the West and colonize from a careful perspective and pay attention to the subjective layers.
Anthropology
Amir Qorbanpoor Lafmejani
Abstract
Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome ...
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Lifestyle, which determines a person’s orientation to life, was first introduced in psychology by Alfred Adler. Adler's anthropological perspective, has influenced the formation of the concept of lifestyle. According to Adler, man is a social being whose most important motivation is to overcome inferiority and attain perfection in life, by relying on free will. Also, man is inherently neutral to moral values, and moral values are not real. According to the anthropological view of this theorist and the social and cultural conditions of his life, which is fundamentally different from the Iranian Islamic society, it is necessary to criticize and examine this theory according to the intellectual foundations of Islam. From the Islamic point of view, man is a two-dimensional being whose relation is not limited to the social environment and is also related to himself, God, and nature. Also, the human will is in line with the will of God, and as a result of this will, he is responsible for his behaviors. According to Islam, the purpose of life is to worship and a nearness to God. That is, if all the behaviors of a Muslim man are for God and His pleasure, that is, his intention to do things is only God’s pleasure, he will approach God, and the purpose of his creation will be achieved.
Anthropology
Parisa Goudarzi; Mohsen Shabani
Abstract
Moral anthropology is a newfound field in interdisciplinary studies in moral philosophy and anthropology. ‘The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom’ by James Laidlaw is one of the most effective books ever in this area. The author tries to approximate the boundaries of ...
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Moral anthropology is a newfound field in interdisciplinary studies in moral philosophy and anthropology. ‘The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom’ by James Laidlaw is one of the most effective books ever in this area. The author tries to approximate the boundaries of anthropology and moral philosophy. He uses notions and theories from both fields, and it makes the book to be more than a mere anthropological study. For instance, he draws the notions of virtue and freedom from moral philosophy and anthropology, respectively. As a result, the book could be regarded as a successful interdisciplinary study, which benefits from both disciplines and at the same time contributed to them methodologically. To do so, he uses philosophical resources to support anthropological researches. Laidlaw also wants to facilitate new resources in the field of moral anthropology and puts some figures like Foucault, MacIntyre, and Williams together to improve the discussion of moral anthropology.
Anthropology
Ali Motevalizadeh Ardekani
Abstract
The current review is on a book entitled Not by Genes Alone written by Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. The review begins with an introduction to Human sciences in Iran and the world, and different aspects are discussed. The role of biological factors and Genetics in shaping human behavior and culture ...
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The current review is on a book entitled Not by Genes Alone written by Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. The review begins with an introduction to Human sciences in Iran and the world, and different aspects are discussed. The role of biological factors and Genetics in shaping human behavior and culture is critiqued. Although this book is not a new book on this matter, it refers to the importance of culture and biological evolution. The authors describe the importance of culture for understanding human behavior and the fact that culture is part of biology. The authors believe that to understand culture, the “population thinking” (thinking that the influence on a population is the main cause of change in culture and not an individual human being) is the key. Genes and environment interact together, and both play a role in human behavior.
