Abstract One of the most important components of implementing resistive economy is to pay special attention to the production of primary commodities and fundamental products based on knowledge-based economy. In order to realize the resistive economy policies in Iran, there is a need to move from low-tech level to high- tech level productions. Business development in the sophisticated exports requires the development of technical and institutional capabilities. Hence, the present study aims to investigate and introduce the mechanisms of production of complex and sophisticated commodities in Iran according to the capability approach. After reviewing the research literature, using the complexity atlas, proposed by Hausmann and Hidalgo (2013), Iran’s position in world complex products has been analyzed. Results show that Iran has not been successful in producing complex commodities. Iran’s production and exports are often related to simple commodities, and like many other developing countries, Iran has suffered from acquiescence trap. Finally, policy suggestions have been made to improve the level of product complexity.

Abstract The content of the book "Dimensions of the Resistance Economics in the Oil Industry" includes the text of the general policies of the resistance economy, the correspondences and statements made in this regard, the history of the oil industry, and the actions taken by the Ministry of Oil in the pursuit of a resistive economy. Meanwhile, an attempt has been made to define a resistance economy in line with Islamic economics although it cannot be proven. The structure of the book is news-based and disquisition-based and has not been used sufficiently from scientific sources. Therefore, there is no analysis of the relationship between the resistance economy and the oil sector. The above work is applicable to general information on resistance policies and some of the Ministry of Oil's programs in this area, and, despite the authors' views, it is not a complete reference in this field. In this regard, it has been attempted to briefly explain the axes related to the crude oil and natural gas sectors in line with the resistance economy and identify the strengths and weaknesses. The analysis included cases to which the book did not refer and could be used as an introduction to future research.

Abstract As oil sector has a great share in the Iran’s economic growth rate, the concept of economic growth shock resistance and stability has gained great momentum. The aim of this paper is to identify the shock resistance of Iran’s economic growth from 1978 to 2016 with the approach of “quality-sectoral analysis” in the framework of growth sectoral accounting. Results show that the economic growth rate during this period has varied about 46 percent in which oil sector growth rate has a variation of 195.4 percent. It is also verified that the largest growth shocks happened in years of oil sector production quantity shocks due to an exogenous reason like oil purchase sanctions. Two years of 1981 and 2012 are eminent in this issue. On the other hand, on the event of sanctions lift or suspension in 1983 and 2016, the growth rate experienced a jump which cannot be considered as standing in the line of long run and stable growth rate, but a short-term reform happened in the growth rate. Results of the paper show that the shock of oil sector has made the economic growth unstable due to its high dependency to foreign countries as a result of governmental supply monopoly, demand monopoly and the U.S. sanctions on Iran oil exports.

Abstract Part of the goals of a resistance economy is interdisciplinary, that is, it requires the cooperation of various actors in the field of policy and bureaucracy. The evidence presented in this paper shows that one of the obstacles to realize a resistance economy in Iran is the coordination failure which follows the issue of government failure in the public sector economics. This paper, while reviewing the theoretical framework of this phenomenon in the conventional literature, points to two categories of coordination failure in Iran and its effects on long-term performance indicators. Failure to implement industrial development policy, failure to improve productivity, failure to combat economic corruption, failure to manage foreign trade and imports, weakness in solving the problem of unauthorized credit institutions and lack of water governance are examples mentioned in this article. At the end, policy suggestions have been introduced to reduce the degree of coordination failures.

Abstract The reason for non-development in the Iranian society is one of the important concepts with which Iranian thinkers have dealt in the last hundred years. It has been examined from different perspectives. The policy-making for industrial development which was pursued since Reza Shah’s government in order to reconstruct the substructures of Iran, is one of the most important phenomena for the study of non-development. Although the study and examination of reasons of industrial development are very crucial in this regard, few works have dealt with the reasons for industrial non-development. The book “Oil, State, and Industrialization in Iran” by Massoud Karshenas (Professor at SOAS University of London) is one of the few works which deal with the reasons for inefficient industrial policy-making in Iran. Karshenas tries to study the effects of oil on the industrial policy-making in Pahlavi era with a structural approach. This article provides a critique of his approach towards the effects of oil on the industrial industrialization and its implications.

Abstract The idea of a resistance economy, proposed by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and his request to explain this idea by academics, has spurred many efforts since 2010, and many products have been published in the form of books, scientific articles, and lectures, but the main question is how far the theory of resistance economy has been successful. This paper examines the answer to the question by focusing on the book "The Lessons of Resistance Economy” by Adel Paygami and has pointed out that there are still many areas that remain vague in the theory of resistance economy. First, the introduction and review of the overall work have been done in the form of each chapter of the book. Then, in criticizing the theme of the work, the eight titles include the definition of a resistance economy, the state and the market, the people based economy, domestic production and national production, sub-systems of the resistance economy, the relative or absolute stability of the economy, economic independence, and growth and justice have been explored. In each of these topics, it has been shown that there are important points that have been less relevant in the publications of resistance economy and in particular in the book.

Abstract The issue of failure and bankruptcy of financial institutions, especially banks, is one of the most complex legal-economic issues that has generally been addressed within the framework of the usual rules of bankruptcy in private law. The experience of financial crises, especially the crisis of 2009-2008, showed that failure and bankruptcy of banks and other important financial institutions could lead to financial and economic instability. Consequently, in recent years, the issue of financial stability has become one of the main goals of economic and social policy makers, and the special system of bank failure (the so-called Resolution System) has become a pivot point of financial stability, so that many countries in the world have taken steps to create or develop a resolution system. This article, while introducing the resolution system, evaluates the legal system of Iran in terms of global standards in this field. The findings of the paper show that despite the fact that the legislators in Iran recognized the importance of the issue of bank failure and tried to partially divide the banks’ failure arrangements from the failure arrangements for other firms, the establishment of a resolution system for enhancing financial stability, and the strengthening of the economic system is urgent.

Abstract The major and strategic petrochemical industry has been specially and directly addressed in Section 13^th of the general policies of resistance economy. In this paper, the economic performance of the petrochemical industry has been criticized in the framework of Section 13^th of general policies of resistance economy, and the strategies for advancing these policies have been taken into consideration. For this purpose, the current state of the petrochemical industry has been examined and criticized, and then it is focused on the resistance economy policies referred to in the new markets. In this regard, it was found that the production items are sold exclusively in the form of exclusive sales, requiring a serious change in the sale of petrochemicals. To this end, new markets for the sale of petrochemicals based on their categorization and the import volumes of target countries and other characteristics were analyzed by statistical analysis, and thirty countries were classified according to TOPSIS method.

Abstract The book "Economics from Another View" by Musa Ghaninezhad is one of the few books written in Farsi in the history of economic thought. This book is written with a mental impact and with a certain intellectual orientation, which is also understandable from its title. The book is dedicated to the thoughts of 19 economists from Thomas Aquino to Douglas North, Coase, and Buchanan. The writer, in accordance with his intellectual spirit, has followed the Austrian school approach, reading the thoughts of these economists and highlighting their contributions and conflicts with this school. The book is more suitable for acquaintances with the economics and the history of economic thought and cannot be regarded as a textbook. At the same time, the author's goal is not to enter into the depths of economic thought, rather than introducing thoughts of unheard economists and their placement in the liberal tent to the audiences. The writer, in introducing the thoughts of famous economists such as Adam Smith, Marx, and Keynes, has value-judgments and he is not successful at assessing the value of their ideas in context of their time and progress of economics. Despite these critiques, the book is an influential text illustrating the views of a large body of influential economists on Iran's economic policy-making.

Abstract The ability to absorb, withstand, or recover from adverse economic shocks makes the economy more resilient. East Asian economies were hit by the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Ten years later, these economies faced a global financial crisis in 2007. This time, despite an economic downturn due to capital outflows and a sharp drop in exports, they were resilient and resistant economies against the adverse shock. The ability of East Asian economies to recover the economy was driven by a ten-year building of the resistance economy through financial reform, structural reforms, enhancing institutional quality, and regional conditions. In this paper, beyond the financial perspective, East Asia's resilient experience in dealing with the crisis has been analyzed, and the analyses of the East Asian crisis have been criticized.