Art
Zahra Ahmadi
Abstract
India has a long history of textiles. Due to the vastness of the country, the large population and different tribes, access to the oceans, access to the natural resources of fiber and dyes, and ethnic beliefs have led to the variety of textiles. Variety in all types of women's and men's clothing, design, ...
Read More
India has a long history of textiles. Due to the vastness of the country, the large population and different tribes, access to the oceans, access to the natural resources of fiber and dyes, and ethnic beliefs have led to the variety of textiles. Variety in all types of women's and men's clothing, design, and dyeing methods or embroidery has created a wide variety of traditional textiles. Learning the traditional Indian textiles, due to their variety and breadth, provides us with a lot of valuable information. The traditional Indian textile book has been written to introduce India's textile history to the learners. Due to the lack of Persian sources of traditional world textiles, this book has become a successful source. The content of the book was criticized in different ways. The evaluation results show that the book is precise and the content is relevant to the learner’s needs. With respect to the rational order and greater coherence in the content of the text, the proper use of the images or the avoidance of a slight predisposition to the impact of Indian textiles of the Iranian type, the authenticity of the work can be promoted.
Foreign Languages
Mohammad Ahmadi Safa
Abstract
Textbooks are considered as one of the most essential requirements of any educational process (2003) and play an axiomatic role in many formal educational settings alongside other pivotal elements including teacher and learners. Undoubtedly, the evaluation and appraisal of such a critical component of ...
Read More
Textbooks are considered as one of the most essential requirements of any educational process (2003) and play an axiomatic role in many formal educational settings alongside other pivotal elements including teacher and learners. Undoubtedly, the evaluation and appraisal of such a critical component of education is not only a permanent need in any such context but also it directly enhances the quality and efficacy of educational practices. The present study critically appraises a textbook entitled "Understanding Research in Applied Linguistics". For the stated purpose, both content and facial aspects of the text are meticulously reviewed and evaluated. The most notable merits of the book include a good variety of activities designed, an extensive use and review of the related literature, and highly acceptable mechanics of writing; however, lack of rigid consistency and coverage of the stated objectives in the main text, fluctuations in the difficulty level of the language used and the inconsistency observed between the already designed ministerial syllabus and the content of the text are among the most salient shortcomings.
political science
Mohammad Mehdi Ardebili
Abstract
Hegel and Nietzsche are mainly represented as two opposing poles in the nineteenth-century intellectual and philosophical sphere. Nietzsche has been introduced as the fierce critique of the Hegelian dialectic and the radical opposite to the modern metaphysics that Hegel was represented. This image has ...
Read More
Hegel and Nietzsche are mainly represented as two opposing poles in the nineteenth-century intellectual and philosophical sphere. Nietzsche has been introduced as the fierce critique of the Hegelian dialectic and the radical opposite to the modern metaphysics that Hegel was represented. This image has gradually faded away since the second half of the twentieth century. Although Hegel is the peak of modern metaphysics and Nietzsche as the initiator of postmodernism, criticizing metaphysics, but the philosophical similarities and conceptualizations of these two figures show the falsification or at least the inadequacy of this modern/postmodern duality. In spite of some superficial perceptions, Hegel and Nietzsche are very close in their intellectual and philosophical foundations. We can read Hegel by Nietzsche and Nietzsche by Hegel. This is the goal Elliot Jurist has outlined in Beyond Hegel and Nietzsche: Philosophy, Culture, and Agency. But for doing so, he put the concept underlying his work, which is very important for both philosophers: the concept of culture. The present article will review the book from three perspectives: First, a formal critique of the work; second, a critique of the author's general approach and, finally, a critique of the Persian translation of the book and his approach.
Arabic Language and Literature
Hosein Abavisani
Abstract
Today, comparative literature has a special place in various literary disciplines and has played an indelible role in expressing relationships, acting and reacting between them. In addition, by showing the strengths and weaknesses of each, the richness of the literature of nations has also been brought. ...
Read More
Today, comparative literature has a special place in various literary disciplines and has played an indelible role in expressing relationships, acting and reacting between them. In addition, by showing the strengths and weaknesses of each, the richness of the literature of nations has also been brought. The book "Al-adab-Almoqaran Fi-Alderasat Almoqaranat Altatbiqiaat", by Dawood Salum, is a writing paper in the field of comparative literature that attempts to present a brief description of the theories and schools of comparative literature, which is a fairly significant volume of Arabic and non-Arabic cultural and literary works. It also shows the impact of comparative literature so as to reveal the backgrounds, attributes, and effects of each type of comparative literature. The present paper aims to introduce this work, present its weaknesses and strengths through a descriptive-analytic way. The results show that the book, while partially successful in achieving some of its goals, faces shortcomings and challenges.
Economy
Abolghasem Tohidinia
Abstract
The book “An Introduction to the Indexes of Islamic Banking” aims to pave the way for realizing the Islamic banking system through the development of its scientific foundations. Like many other scientific works, this book has both some positive and negative points which are enumerated ...
Read More
The book “An Introduction to the Indexes of Islamic Banking” aims to pave the way for realizing the Islamic banking system through the development of its scientific foundations. Like many other scientific works, this book has both some positive and negative points which are enumerated in this paper. So, in order to highlight its positive points and help to correct the shortcomings, this paper tends to review the book critically using the analytical-descriptive method. The pros of this book are as follows: Addressing the issue of justice in banking and its indexes, critical approach to the process of interest-free in Iran's banking system and the introduction of an Islamic index in this regard, the critique of the banking system from the point of view of being infected with usury, often based on a philosophical approach and considering other Sharia compliant circumstances in Islamic banking (including jeopardy). On the other hand, the most important shortcomings of the book are as follows: weakness in indexing, noncompliance of indicators with Islamic banking theoretical foundations, no discussion on some of the most important religious rules of transactions in Islamic banking, and no thorough discussions.
Sociology
Mohmmadreza Iranmanesh
Abstract
Iranians’ controversial ethos have attracted Iranians’ attention for nearly two centuries and led to writing many books in this field. The book “We Iranians” by Dr. Maghsoud Ferastkhah is one of the latest books of this kind that has been publicly welcomed. After demonstrating ...
Read More
Iranians’ controversial ethos have attracted Iranians’ attention for nearly two centuries and led to writing many books in this field. The book “We Iranians” by Dr. Maghsoud Ferastkhah is one of the latest books of this kind that has been publicly welcomed. After demonstrating the Iranians’ controversial ethos and from the perspective of sociological theories the author has tried to present a multilevel systemic theoretical model with scientific look and in order to explain this ethos. In this paper, it is shown that first, the writer’s attempt to formulate such a model has not been successful, and the theoretical eclecticism gives a way to the theoretical integration, and ultimately leads to structured-oriented theories; secondly, the plurality of used theories causes some kind of theoretical disorders; thirdly, the used theories may have been misunderstood, or analyzed, and explained wrongly or paradoxically.
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Moussa Ahmadian; Ehsan Mehri
Abstract
Chomsky’s innate theory of language has had a significant impact on first language acquisition studies, and it focused on child language in order to recognize the stages of development, and proposed new theories for better understanding of first language acquisition. The current study aims ...
Read More
Chomsky’s innate theory of language has had a significant impact on first language acquisition studies, and it focused on child language in order to recognize the stages of development, and proposed new theories for better understanding of first language acquisition. The current study aims to: 1. review the first language acquisition and development theories in general, and 2. review and analyze the previous studies on the acquisition and development of Persian language as a first language in particular to reveal the current status of research findings in the field. To these aims, the related studies were referred to in three indexing resources: Magiran, Noormags, SID from 1365 to 1394. Seventy-six articles were found and put into five categories: causal-correlational, descriptive, review, comparative, and reliability and validity studies. The analysis of the findings indicated that most of the studies have been conducted in the field of rehabilitation, considering variables relating to language acquisition and development impairment. There were a few descriptive studies investigating the development of Persian language as a first language. Finally, the research designs seem to be ignorant of Tomasello’s usage-based theory, Bruner’s pragmatic theory, Halliday’s functional theory, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning.
History
behzad asghari; Nayereh Dalir
Abstract
In the fifth century AH, the Seljuk dynasty extended beyond the borders of the present-day Iran, and they linked the history of Iran with neighboring territories. Therefore, the study of the history of this dynasty is very pivotal. In this regard, the work of "Seljuks from the Beginning to the End" by ...
Read More
In the fifth century AH, the Seljuk dynasty extended beyond the borders of the present-day Iran, and they linked the history of Iran with neighboring territories. Therefore, the study of the history of this dynasty is very pivotal. In this regard, the work of "Seljuks from the Beginning to the End" by Abolghasem Forouzani in seventeen chapters is an attempt to examine all aspects of the Seljuk government. The question that arises is to what extent the author has been able to analyze and explain the various aspects of the Seljuk government based on the publication objectivesof this textbook. Therefore, in this article, the critical and analytical approaches and the book validity are investigated. According to the conducted research, various relevant findings can be pointed out. Despite the variety of topics covered by this work on the Seljuk dynasty, it is a highly valid resource, especially in regard to the civilization and cultural aspect, which are considered among its most significant advantages. However, the application of the narration method in this work is majorly prevalent. Being used as an academic textbook, it will therefore be difficult to make an analytical understanding of the Seljuk era.
Art
Azadeh pashootanizadeh
Abstract
The interpretation of the Tree of Life is made with symbolism and mythology. This view is included in the book ID (first page of the book). The symbolic form of the tree of life is similar to the view of religions and rituals. Artists use Bible texts to illustrate the tree of life. The ancient pattern ...
Read More
The interpretation of the Tree of Life is made with symbolism and mythology. This view is included in the book ID (first page of the book). The symbolic form of the tree of life is similar to the view of religions and rituals. Artists use Bible texts to illustrate the tree of life. The ancient pattern of the tree of life is associated with religious descriptions in monotheistic religions. The important thing is that the Archetype of the Tree of Life has influenced the thoughts and works of different artists from different times and styles and nations. Roger Cook, the author of this book, has been well versed in collecting a coherent set of artwork related to the ancient pattern of the tree of life, and this is a very important and sensible issue. In fact, the significance of the issue is the effect of an archetype in a common visual culture among all peoples and nations. The archetype of the tree of life, described in the religious literature, has been specially imparted in the minds and works of the arts of various artists from the classical and romantic style to the postmodern. It is interesting to conceive of a metaphysical and mystical idea by artists of nations, styles, and times. Here are some questions: 1- What is the relation between the tree in mystical thoughts and the tree in myth? 2- What steps has the tree symbol undergone in transforming from myth to art? This article is composed of library and documentary studies in a comparative study of religious literature and artwork of various nations and thus enters the analysis and description of the tree of life.
Philosophy
Mohammad Reza Ahmadi Tabatabai
Abstract
Addressing the issue of the philosophy of war difficult. In other words, the relationship between Philosophy and war seems to be a difficult one. Alexander Moseley is a Political Philosophy Editor for the IEP (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and he has lectured on the Philosophy and morality of war ...
Read More
Addressing the issue of the philosophy of war difficult. In other words, the relationship between Philosophy and war seems to be a difficult one. Alexander Moseley is a Political Philosophy Editor for the IEP (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and he has lectured on the Philosophy and morality of war at several British universities. In his book called The Philosophy of War, he explained why humans fight against each other? He said, what I hope to establish in this work is that the Principles of war’s origins involve all aspects of our nature, culture, and thinking. We fight because we believe in fighting, and our beliefs have to change if we wish to abandon war. The research method in this book and this article is analytical and philosophical. The main question in “The Philosophy of War” is why humans fight and how through changing their beliefs and attitudes toward this devastating and ominous event, they can stand against humans and governments.
Art
Azadeh Pashootanizadeh
Abstract
Arab Jinni’s carpet is an example of Suleimani’s carpets. This carpet has primitive images and symbolic motifs. This sample of Suleiman carpets has different characteristics than visual/pictorial carpets. This kind of carpet has a unique form and color combinations that represent the metaphysical ...
Read More
Arab Jinni’s carpet is an example of Suleimani’s carpets. This carpet has primitive images and symbolic motifs. This sample of Suleiman carpets has different characteristics than visual/pictorial carpets. This kind of carpet has a unique form and color combinations that represent the metaphysical world. A non-Iranian man writes part of his book to the Arab Jinni’s carpet. The name of his book is A Buenos Aires Collection: Rugs and Art/Tribal Bird Rugs and Others. It is very important to publish an image of this kind of rare carpet that is not currently in Iran and is not even woven in Fars province. The home country of Arab Jinni’s carpet weavers is Fars province. The research method in this paper is content and descriptive analysis. The knitters of this carpet are migrants of Fars province, and their designs reflect their tribal culture. In different literary and folklore texts of Iran, Fars province is called the land of Prophet Solomon. The stories of Prophet Solomon are related to the religious and geographical beliefs associated with the goddess Nahid and Prophet Khidr. The Prophet Khidr and the Nahid goddess have shared duties, and this has led to their similarity and consistency. Carpets with mental and improvised maps woven in the tribes depict the indigenous and religious beliefs of the people.
Foreign Languages
Mohamad-Hossein Otroshi
Abstract
In the field of phonetics of French as a foreign language, studies have been conducted in recent decades, among which French Phonetics can be considered as the first book for Iranian students in undergraduate and postgraduate of French as a foreign language. In this paper, using a methodological analysis, ...
Read More
In the field of phonetics of French as a foreign language, studies have been conducted in recent decades, among which French Phonetics can be considered as the first book for Iranian students in undergraduate and postgraduate of French as a foreign language. In this paper, using a methodological analysis, based on the position and the role of phonetic ability in the communicative-actional approaches and the methods of phonetics in the teaching of foreign languages, we tried to evaluate the French Phonetics with respect to the goals and needs of French language teaching. The results showed that the book’s educational approach is a combination of articulatory and descriptive phonetics which only focuses on phonetic foreign language teaching (Parisian French pronunciation), regardless of the diversity of Iranian students’ first language. Considering the scientific developments in the field of foreign language teaching, linguistics, and in particular phonetics (such as verbo-tonal method and acoustic phonetics based on the use of technology), this textbook, even in the eighth edition, has failed to keep pace with the current trends in the field and could not fulfill the needs of French language teaching and learning in the context of Iran.
political science
Masoud Akhavan Kazemi
Abstract
Discussions about the relationship between religion and state or religion and politics in the contemporary era have been discussed more than in any other period, especially in relation to the religion of Islam. However, Muslims in most post-Islamic historical periods have had religious states that were ...
Read More
Discussions about the relationship between religion and state or religion and politics in the contemporary era have been discussed more than in any other period, especially in relation to the religion of Islam. However, Muslims in most post-Islamic historical periods have had religious states that were either characterized by Islamic descriptions or attributed themselves to Islam. However, the existence and continuity of states with Islamic titles or appearances in the geography of the Islamic world and throughout the history of Islamic societies have never meant that these states are real and complete examples of “State in Islam”. Therefore, it has always been felt that Muslim states throughout history, as a matter of fact, should be compared with the state in Islam, as a truth, to be compared to the extent to which these states have adapted or deviated from the Islamic standard state. In this regard, the present article, while reviewing and analyzing the book “History of State Transformation in Islam” and raising fundamental issues in the field of principles, goals, and functions of the state of the Prophet of Islam, as a standard Islamic state, tries to evaluate the success of the work in achieving its intended purpose.
Jurisprudence and Law
Mohammad Eshaghi; Maryam Ahmadiy
Abstract
John Rawls, as one of the twentieth-century theorists in his theory of justice, explains the two principles of freedom and the principle of difference, and ultimately proposes the principle of equal opportunity for all the people of the community. In the present study, using library resources and applying ...
Read More
John Rawls, as one of the twentieth-century theorists in his theory of justice, explains the two principles of freedom and the principle of difference, and ultimately proposes the principle of equal opportunity for all the people of the community. In the present study, using library resources and applying a descriptive-analytical method and comparing them in the framework of gender justice, the principles of justice of John Rawls were criticized and analyzed on the basis of Islamic studies. Sometimes, it is believed that in the context of women’s affairs, it can be argued that in describing the principle of difference, a new definition of gender justice in the Western world can be presented; however, the method of accepting the principle of the Rawls’ difference and the priority that prevails over the principles of justice itself was discussed. It makes no difference between gender equality and gender equity. Accordingly, while analyzing this attitude, the quality of gender justice is aligned with Rawls’ dualistic approach. The results of this research show that, based on the Islamic worldview, one can more clearly respond to the concerns of justice in general and gender justice in a specific way while ensuring respect for justice, the particular situation and the special needs of social groups Like women.
Sociology
Farhang Ershad
Abstract
This paper is a critical review of the book, The Sociology of Knowledge of Karl Mannheim, written by M. Ashtiani. The main aim of this attempt is to acquire a more acute understanding of the subject matter of sociology of knowledge and to emphasize the importance of this branch of general sociology in ...
Read More
This paper is a critical review of the book, The Sociology of Knowledge of Karl Mannheim, written by M. Ashtiani. The main aim of this attempt is to acquire a more acute understanding of the subject matter of sociology of knowledge and to emphasize the importance of this branch of general sociology in Iran. The specific goal of the paper is trying to have a critical review of Ashtiani’s work to get help to achieve the main aim of this study. The present book includes five chapters: the first two chapters are specified to the scientific biography of Karl Mannheim and his life condition in Hungary, Germany and Britain. In the third chapter, the sphere of sociology of knowledge in view of Mannheim is described; and the two last chapters are about the main concepts and categories of Mannheim’s sociology of knowledge, and finally, the critiques of Ashtiani to the main element of sociology of knowledge of Karl Mannheim.
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Reza Amini
Abstract
This article is a critical review of The History of Translation in Iran (in Persian), written by Abdolhossein Azarang. Having fluent prose and exact editing, not having typing mistakes, and providing good information about translation in some periods of Iran’s history are among the good peculiarities ...
Read More
This article is a critical review of The History of Translation in Iran (in Persian), written by Abdolhossein Azarang. Having fluent prose and exact editing, not having typing mistakes, and providing good information about translation in some periods of Iran’s history are among the good peculiarities of this book. And, repetition of some points in different parts of the content, relying excessively on some sources, generalization in some parts of the content, the content being deprived of a good and clear categorization, and inaccuracy of some of the historical information provided are among the shortcomings of the book. On the other hand, since about some periods of the history of translation in Iran the number of studies are more than the other periods, it is argued in this article that it was better and more useful if the focus of the book had been on those periods of the translation in Iran about which there is not any or adequate research.
Management and Policy Making
Elham Ebrahimi
Abstract
Human resource management refers to policies, actions, and systems that affect employee’s behaviors, attitudes, and performance. In the field of human resource management, there are many reference books, each of which has gained good legitimacy and acceptance for various reasons among readers. ...
Read More
Human resource management refers to policies, actions, and systems that affect employee’s behaviors, attitudes, and performance. In the field of human resource management, there are many reference books, each of which has gained good legitimacy and acceptance for various reasons among readers. The book "Human Resource Management and Personnel Affairs" by Dr. Seyed Reza Seyed Javadin is one of the most comprehensive books written in the field of human resource management and therefore has been considered as a textbook and the main source of study for the graduate entrance exam for many years. In this article, the attempt was to review the book in a descriptive-analytical manner, by mentioning the evidence and documents and based on evaluation criteria which were introduced by the Council for Reviewing Books and Text on Human Sciences. Criticisms were presented from both formal and content perspectives. According to this, on one hand, the main strengths of the book are the comprehensiveness of the content, the systematic approach, the coherent and structured view of the topics, and the compatibility of the work with Islamic values. On the other hand, this work has also some drawbacks, the most important of which are the lack of a practical and problem-oriented approach, insufficient use of content and creative presentation methods, outdated topics despite numerous editions of the book, and weaknesses in the citation method.
Archaeology
Shahin Aryamanesh; Sorour Khorashadi
Abstract
The Scythians tribes were one of the nomadic tribes inhabiting large areas in the central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. These tribes moved into parts of present-day Iran after many displacements in the first millennium BC. These tribes have played important ...
Read More
The Scythians tribes were one of the nomadic tribes inhabiting large areas in the central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. These tribes moved into parts of present-day Iran after many displacements in the first millennium BC. These tribes have played important role in central Eurasian steppes and in Persian and part of India. What scholars know about the Scythians tribes based on the writings of Herodotus. These people have played an important role in Persian and Indian epics, as well as in various historical periods of Iran, such as the Iron Age and Achaemenid and Parthian periods. Their presence in Iran has been illustrated by at least the name of one of the Iranian cities, Sakestan or Sistan, which is the name of these people. Few archaeological findings in Iran have been attributed to Scythians. However, in recent years, new burial grounds have been found which shed new light on the Scythian’s presence in Persia and central Eurasian that appears to confirm the writing of historians. In recent years many articles and books have been published about Scythians based on archaeological findings. Recently a new book has been published entitled Scythians Warriors of Ancient Siberia. This paper critically reviews this book edited by St. John Simpson and Svetlana Pankova.
Economy
S.M.Reza Amiri Tehrani
Abstract
The Art of Islamic Banking and Finance narrates the author’s (Yahia Abdul- Rahman) achievement in constituting an interest-free bank in the U.S.A. As a matter of fact, he explores banking and finance laws and regularities in the U.S as well as the Islamic banking system in the ...
Read More
The Art of Islamic Banking and Finance narrates the author’s (Yahia Abdul- Rahman) achievement in constituting an interest-free bank in the U.S.A. As a matter of fact, he explores banking and finance laws and regularities in the U.S as well as the Islamic banking system in the world. The remarkable difference between these two kinds of banking systems is that the former is based on the monetary market and the latter on the real economy. In the Islamic banking system, the rent expense of a commodity to be financed is measured based on rules known as “commodity indexation” and “marking to market”. Moreover, in such a system, the interest rate of the ordinary banking system is substituted with the rent expense of a commodity. Thus, rent expenses are not fixed like interest rates. The prominent characteristic of an Islamic banking system is not only its interest-free feature but also its civility and social responsibility. The main pitfalls of the book include a lack of comprehensive discussion and a lack of reporting the Islamic banking systems of other Muslim countries. Besides, no thorough analysis of banking system experiences has been done and has not paid attention to the critique of the Iranian banking system.
political science
Morteza Bahrani
Abstract
The future of Iran’s history largely depends on narratives we present from its past. The narratives can lead to freedom and responsibility, or they can impose a kind of retrospective on us that prevents us from progressing. Depending on what approach and values we have in mind, Iran's past will ...
Read More
The future of Iran’s history largely depends on narratives we present from its past. The narratives can lead to freedom and responsibility, or they can impose a kind of retrospective on us that prevents us from progressing. Depending on what approach and values we have in mind, Iran's past will also be different. In this article, by reviewing Iranian Ministry and Bureaucracy (Vezarat & Divansalari) in the Islamic Era (written by Sadeq Sajjadi), I have critiqued our vicious history with regard to the author's approach to validation of the past, and have expressed some critical arguments in a suspicious hermeneutic method. In my opinion, the future of Iran’s progress is first and foremost dependent on the deconstruction of its bureaucratic (Divansalari) relations. This bureaucracy, instead of order and efficiency, and transparency, leads to obscurity. This is the future that is a searchlight for, and the beacon of the past.
Methodology
Seyed Mohammad Reza Hosseini Beheshti
Abstract
By the new foundation of philosophy and science, the concept of method gains the main status among many scholars of the new ages. The “forerunners” of philosophy and science sought the way out of the skepticism, that emerged from the endless controversies concerning the universals and the ...
Read More
By the new foundation of philosophy and science, the concept of method gains the main status among many scholars of the new ages. The “forerunners” of philosophy and science sought the way out of the skepticism, that emerged from the endless controversies concerning the universals and the possibility of rational and philosophical knowledge about nature during the High and Late scholasticism, in the concept of “method”. As one of these founders, Francis Bacon has tried to define and describe his conception of the method. He makes use of the metaphors of ship, labyrinth, thread, and trial-court to put light on his account of scientific research. These metaphors, enable us to reconstruct the various features of his account of method and his expectations of applying method in the realm of natural sciences.
Archaeology
Ehsan Ahmadinya
Abstract
While none of the possible historical sources of Achaemenid royal libraries are available to us, with the exception of Darius the Great’s inscription at Behistun and the Cyrus Cylinder, we do not have any other chronicle inscriptions of this period. A major part of the history of the Achaemenid ...
Read More
While none of the possible historical sources of Achaemenid royal libraries are available to us, with the exception of Darius the Great’s inscription at Behistun and the Cyrus Cylinder, we do not have any other chronicle inscriptions of this period. A major part of the history of the Achaemenid era has been based on the information given from Greek and sometimes Jewish sources, which researchers often point out shortcomings, contradictions, and even their narrative nature. With the development and expansion of the new archeology since the 1960’s up to now, and exploring the most important Achaemenid centers, whose discoveries began about a century earlier, a large amount of inscriptional information as well as information derived from the interpretation of material culture made available to researchers. Among them, the discovery and reading of a significant number of tablets belonging to the Achaemenid administrative and economic archives of some states, such as Pars and Babylon, reveal new information on the Achaemenid administrative and economic mechanisms. In addition, through this information, researchers have been able to extract valuable information from court individuals, as well as socio-historical and Juridical trends, and even specialization in artistic events. According to them, Achaemenid history is brought closer to reality. The evolution of academic science from the middle of the twentieth century led to more specialized science, and social developments at that time also resulted in the formation of movements such as feminism and similar cases. The debates in these new branches have led the way to research into a wide range of history and have led to significant discoveries and perspectives. Maria Brosius is among the scholars who, according to this trend, presented their studies on Achaemenid women in the form of a doctoral thesis and then a book entitled “Women in Ancient Iran (331-559)”. This article reviews and criticizes this book along with one of its Persian translations.
Persian Language and Literature
Jamileh Akhyani
Abstract
Selection of excerpts from ancient texts and explanation of their difficulties in the form of academic excerpts for teaching in the field of Persian language and literature is one of the works that has increased in recent years. Accurately selecting parts of texts and explaining their difficulties can ...
Read More
Selection of excerpts from ancient texts and explanation of their difficulties in the form of academic excerpts for teaching in the field of Persian language and literature is one of the works that has increased in recent years. Accurately selecting parts of texts and explaining their difficulties can help students better understand ancient texts and of course, the preparation of such books requires a great deal of expertise and a great deal of care and patience. Shahnameh's book (1) Shahriyar Namvarnameh published by Samt Publications is the result of the attention of prominent Shahnameh scholar Sajjad Aydenlo who has provided a well-deserved book for students. Despite the many benefits of this book including selecting three stories from the Shahnameh instead of one, arranging the contents of the book in a decent volume for one semester, designing important topics related to Ferdowsi and Shahnameh based on the latest Shahnameh researches and..., there are some shortcomings in its compilation that have been addressed in the present article. These deficiencies include the shortcomings of choosing the verses for the excerpts of the stories, the failures to explain and explain the verses, and the shortcomings of the version used in the excerpts, and the lack of explanation about them. The author hopes that by revising these shortcomings, this valuable book will become more disciplined.
Foreign Languages
Rajab Esfandiari
Abstract
Given the significant role of quantitative data in theory building in language assessment, the need for a book covering data analysis methods is strongly felt. The two-volume book, Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment (Fundamental Techniques and Advanced Methods), edited by Vahid Aryadoust ...
Read More
Given the significant role of quantitative data in theory building in language assessment, the need for a book covering data analysis methods is strongly felt. The two-volume book, Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment (Fundamental Techniques and Advanced Methods), edited by Vahid Aryadoust and Michelle Raquel and published by Routledge fills this gap. The first volume entitled Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment: Fundamental Techniques was published in 2019, and the second volume by the title of Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment: Advanced methods was published in 2020. The present study is critical in goal, qualitative in methodology, and emergent in analysis. The book is comprehensive in scope and content, includes high-quality, well-written chapters follows a coherent style of writing, and is rich in the number of quantitative data analysis methods. The book has some limitations, including inexplicitness of criteria for selection of quantitative data methods and failure to include more common traditional methods. The book can generate further research in this subfield of applied linguistics, expand the subfield, and contribute to theory building in language assessment. Postgraduate students, L2 assessment practitioners, and researchers are strongly advised to read this invaluable edited book.
Philosophy
Hasan Ahmadizade
Abstract
Today many of orientalists think that philosophy in the eastern cultures has authenticity and the eastern concepts in philosophy and humanities are rooted in this culture. This attitude led them to investigate critically the eastern concepts in philosophy. They also tried to compare them to western philosophical ...
Read More
Today many of orientalists think that philosophy in the eastern cultures has authenticity and the eastern concepts in philosophy and humanities are rooted in this culture. This attitude led them to investigate critically the eastern concepts in philosophy. They also tried to compare them to western philosophical concepts. Oliver Leaman is of the most famous western thinkers that has published different books on eastern philosophy, especially Islamic philosophy. In this article, we will try to investigate critically on one of his books titled Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Leaman in this book gathered different concepts in the eastern philosophies like Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucius, and Islamic philosophy, and explains these concepts according to the eastern texts. One of the most important privileges of this book is that Leaman tries to explain eastern philosophical concepts in their cultural context, but he did not explain some key concepts in the eastern philosophies nor did he explain them shortly.
