Foreign Languages
Saeed Rezaei; Ashkan Latifi
Volume 15, Issue 36 , November 2015, , Pages 39-52
Abstract
Abstract The present study investigates the cultural and identity parameters manifested in the seventh grade English language textbook (Prospect 1) at Iranian schools. The primary focus of the study was on the characters, locales, apparel, foods, drinks, and professions presented in the book. ...
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Abstract The present study investigates the cultural and identity parameters manifested in the seventh grade English language textbook (Prospect 1) at Iranian schools. The primary focus of the study was on the characters, locales, apparel, foods, drinks, and professions presented in the book. The analysis of this textbook was based on content analysis, interview with 8 teachers and 12 domain experts in language teaching who had taught and analyzed the book respectively. The results of this analysis showed that the authors of the book were not successful enough in communicating and manifesting the cultural points in the book. The whole book was designed based on the Iranian local culture, as explicated by the Iranian Ministry of Education,shying away from the international cultural points. In addition, most of, if not wholly, cultural and identity issues of Tehran were highlighted and the parameters of other ethnicities and cultures were marginalized or totally neglected. Based on the findings achieved, some guidelines are provided at the end of the paper.
Economy
Hamid Padash; Mohamad Ajirlu; bahman khodapanah
Volume 18, Issue 9 , February 2019, , Pages 39-52
Abstract
A business environment refers to the factors affecting the performance of enterprises the managers or owners of which cannot change or improve them. The book “Improving the Business Environment and the Realization of Resistive Economy” is a book whose author has sought to establish a relationship ...
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A business environment refers to the factors affecting the performance of enterprises the managers or owners of which cannot change or improve them. The book “Improving the Business Environment and the Realization of Resistive Economy” is a book whose author has sought to establish a relationship between the business environment and the realization of a resistive economy. To this end, the ease of doing business index was selected and attempts were made to scrutinize it using comparative tables and charts. This article is structured with format review and content review. The author's referent (business environment) has a wide range of distinct indices that have important differences, and not all of these cases and referents can be considered similar and identical, but the author only refers to one of the indices, which is an important index. Considering the fact that the book pursues an excellent goal, it adds a concise explanation of the relationship between the business environment and the resistive economy to the richness of the work, and it is expected that the author pays attention to the points raised in subsequent editions to enhance the quality of the work.
Art
Mohammad Khodadadi Motarjemzadeh
Abstract
This essay has attempted to analyze and interpret the form and content determined by the structure of the book “Acting the Part: Photography as Theatre,” (translated to Farsi in 2014). It is a descriptive-analytic study and by referring to four chapters of the book, it tries to deal with ...
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This essay has attempted to analyze and interpret the form and content determined by the structure of the book “Acting the Part: Photography as Theatre,” (translated to Farsi in 2014). It is a descriptive-analytic study and by referring to four chapters of the book, it tries to deal with origin, effectiveness, benefits, and shortcomings of the book. In the course of analysis and research, it is revealed that the book was published on the occasion of a photo exhibition in Canada, and each of the four chapters of the book has a specific aspect to theatrical photography. Few occasions such as the triple roles of actor, narrator, and artist for the sake of the photographer, the photographer as a storyteller, the explanation of live photography and examples of well-known photos in social documentary scope can be considered as book’s innovations. However, aggregation of diverse opinions expressed in the mold of a book is not homogeneous, and it ends without any final conclusion. The book acts successfully in case-thematic study for stylistic and historical aspects of theatrical photography (Staged Photography), but cannot entirely represent all historical and stylistic aspects of this field of photography. Translation, editing, printing quality, and layout of the book are desirable. In the absence of adequate resources in Farsi, this book is useful for enthusiasts and students of photography.
History
Shahla Bakhtiari
Volume 15, Issue 35 , October 2015, , Pages 41-59
Abstract
For modern researchers, various books and texts open a gate to the knowledge about ancient consequences of civilizations. Criticism, however, not only unfolds the facts and characteristics of the text body as well as examining the capability of the compiler or translator, it also recognizes different ...
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For modern researchers, various books and texts open a gate to the knowledge about ancient consequences of civilizations. Criticism, however, not only unfolds the facts and characteristics of the text body as well as examining the capability of the compiler or translator, it also recognizes different domains from intellectual facilities to the type of writing and translation. Finding the strength and weakness points of the book, “Islamic Civilization in Abbasid Era”, from compilation and translation perspective, the compiler and translator seem to have keenly been motivated to present the consequences of civilization in Abbasid era, an effort in which they could successfully fulfill the aim. The study shows that the strength points are positively more than weaknesses. Having Shariah- based approach, the compiler has been capable to propose the consequences of Islamic civilization from various domains. The translator, in turn, has not only strived to fill a gap in Persian works by selecting such book, he also succeeds to deliver an appropriate material to the students with a very little imperfection in translation.
Persian Language and Literature
Zahra Parsapoor
Volume 16, Issue 42 , January 2017, , Pages 41-59
Abstract
Abstract Sepehri’s poetry is potentially much suitable for philosophical and theosophical criticism. Soroosh Dabaghi, loving theosophy and philosophy on the one hand and praising Sepehri’s view and language, attempts in his book to study Sepehri’s thought about some key words. In the ...
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Abstract Sepehri’s poetry is potentially much suitable for philosophical and theosophical criticism. Soroosh Dabaghi, loving theosophy and philosophy on the one hand and praising Sepehri’s view and language, attempts in his book to study Sepehri’s thought about some key words. In the Heaven of Sepehri, a collection of articles, speeches, and interviews was published in 2014 by Farhanghe Mo’aser. In 2015 he published The Philosophy of Lajevardi on the same subject. In this collection he addresses such issues as meaning of wind and rain in Sepehri’s poems, contemplation on the meaning of sorrow, death, glorified act, land of nothingness, and introducing modern theosophy and its differences with that of classic and Sepehri’s connection to this kind of theosophy. In this article, besides having critical analysis on the form and structure of the book, we attempt to criticize its methodology and author’s success in explaining it. Due to the closeness of articles approach with his expertise, he is successful in opening up new horizon in Sepehri’s study. However, many of the subjects introduced by the author remains explained while it suffers from ambiguities.
Arabic Language and Literature
Maryam Jalaei
Volume 16, Issue 43 , March 2017, , Pages 41-54
Abstract
Literature is a set of texts that has a lot of proponents in the field of foreign language training such as Arabic; considering unique nature and characteristics of the literature, one should clearly differentiate between training of literature and other educational contexts of the language.‘Modern ...
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Literature is a set of texts that has a lot of proponents in the field of foreign language training such as Arabic; considering unique nature and characteristics of the literature, one should clearly differentiate between training of literature and other educational contexts of the language.‘Modern Arabic Poetry: Schools and Anthology’ by Dr. Sadeq Khorsha is one of the instructive resources of Arabic current literature at Iran universities. Since, Persian speakers are addressees of these kinds of books and Arabic language is a foreign, not a native, language, it is better that composing and training in this field are performed according to principles of applied linguistics. Accordingly, the present study investigate and criticize the book based on principles of the science in the field of training literature to the foreign language learners by descriptive-analytic method.
Educational Science
Abdollah Ansari
Volume 17, Issue 6 , November 2017, , Pages 41-62
Abstract
For appraisal of fundamentals of finance and budget (in education sector), the framework of inspection of liberal science texts and books council was used. The results of assessment showed that history of budget in the country, principles, and steps of budget classification and methods of income and ...
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For appraisal of fundamentals of finance and budget (in education sector), the framework of inspection of liberal science texts and books council was used. The results of assessment showed that history of budget in the country, principles, and steps of budget classification and methods of income and expenditure estimate have been explained in details. In some instances, people’s right to oversee government operations as a logic behind budget approval by parliament has been emphasized. The book is readable; the quality of print is relatively suitable, and the text is clear and easy to read for the most parts. Not all chapters include introduction, summary, test, picture, practice (sample) and final conclusion, and only for one chapter, practice (sample) has been presented. Phraseology general principle has not been followed in a section of the book. There is no scientific and literary editing as well. The most important shortcoming of this book is related to its lack of coverage of vast changes (advances) in public accounting systems and public financial statistics which have been used since 2003 which per se makes the majority of book outdated and old. Moreover, many regulations, institutions and methods have changed in government budgeting systems and education sector which are not reflected in this book. The other considerable shortcoming is related to lack of attention to financing education which connects theoretical issues of education economy to practical aspects like fundamentals of finance and budget in education sector. Another problem with the book is overlooking theprocesses and methods of distribution and allocation of credits among regions as well as programs and activities in education sector. Not considering political economy of budgeting as an area that operations take place is another shortcoming. Lack of attention to macroeconomic issues like government’s role in economy, budget deficit, and related views to economic concepts can also be seen. Updating book and discussing education finance issues with distribution of public credits in education sector are also suggested.
Sociology
Maryam Eskafi
Volume 18, Issue 12 , June 2019, , Pages 41-68
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the book "Capitalism, Family and Personal Life." The author's question is how capitalism and feminism differentiate between two public and private spheres in the family. The researcher has come up with a part of the criticism by matching the translated ...
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The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the book "Capitalism, Family and Personal Life." The author's question is how capitalism and feminism differentiate between two public and private spheres in the family. The researcher has come up with a part of the criticism by matching the translated text with the original text and looking at the sources of the subject. Then, by examining the text of the interpreter, she criticized the other part. But in general, the critical thinking method has been used to evaluate the book. The researcher's evaluation showed that, despite the complexity of the original text, the interpreter has provided a thorough and psychological translation of the book; nevertheless, given the fact that it was translated and published in Iran, it would have been better for the translator to include some differences in the footnotes about the West, the Iranian community, and Eastern societies. Despite the historical importance of the present book, given the content problems, methodological problems, facial problems and its very incomplete translation from the original text in Persian, it does not seem to suggest that a suitable source, as a textbook, be offered to students. If this book is supposed to be introduced at university, it needs major reforms.
Persian Language and Literature
Davood Pour Mozaffari
Abstract
Ziya’ Ghâsemi claims in his book, Sabk-e Adabi Az Didghâh-e Zabânŝenâsi, that he has presented an analytic pattern based on linguistics, especially generative grammar, to analyze literary text’s style. This essay evaluates the book and its writer’s claims ...
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Ziya’ Ghâsemi claims in his book, Sabk-e Adabi Az Didghâh-e Zabânŝenâsi, that he has presented an analytic pattern based on linguistics, especially generative grammar, to analyze literary text’s style. This essay evaluates the book and its writer’s claims through criticizing the book’s form and content. Based on this book, this article attempts to show not only this book does not present a new point of view and method, but also it merely addresses some abstract examples like previous stylistics handbooks in Farsi. The book cannot be counted as a progress in literary and stylistic studies in any way because of its out of date references, ignoring new approaches in stylistics, repetition of other handbook’s defects, shallow knowledge about Persian literature, and misunderstandings of some literary terms.
political science
mohamad ali tavana
Abstract
The book entitled, Citizenship Concept, defines the concept of citizenship as a model of liberal citizenship as a suitable model of the modern age, and criticizes its rival, i.e., Communitarian Citizenship. The book’s approach is largely philosophical. In this book, citizenship has been studied ...
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The book entitled, Citizenship Concept, defines the concept of citizenship as a model of liberal citizenship as a suitable model of the modern age, and criticizes its rival, i.e., Communitarian Citizenship. The book’s approach is largely philosophical. In this book, citizenship has been studied more as a theoretical concept rather than a socio-historical phenomenon. The most important argument of the book is: liberal citizenship, by recognizing equality, freedom and individuality, modern human relations with its society based on voluntary membership, civil, social, political and cultural rights, responsibilities (legal duties and moral obligations), and participation. In political and social affairs, it is thus the most appropriate way of regulating the political and social relations of mankind in the modern age, while Communitarian Citizenship, with an emphasis on the social status of individuals, elevates their collective identity to their individual rights. And thus becomes a totalitarian and oppressive political system. The author seems to have taken an abstract and optimistic attitude toward liberal citizenship, while he has confused congregational citizenship with the pattern of ruling the totalitarian regimes. Contrary to the notion of liberalism, society is prior to the individual, and people in the community get their own good, and there is no universal model for citizenship. Instead, it should have defended a local or native citizen.
Art
Mohammad Reza Hamidizadeh; Fatemeh Ordoo
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to criticize Margin Call’s film content and evaluate screenplay sequences, actors’ dialogues, organizational behavior, and other management topics based on the right and ethical decision making of managers in critical situations. The descriptive-analytic research ...
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The purpose of this article is to criticize Margin Call’s film content and evaluate screenplay sequences, actors’ dialogues, organizational behavior, and other management topics based on the right and ethical decision making of managers in critical situations. The descriptive-analytic research method is a kind of content that has been criticized for the reaction of people in critical situations to organizational problems, and in this regard, the strengths and weaknesses of the film have been reviewed and criticized. One of the most important strengths is a strong screenplay, in which almost all management issues are included in times of crisis. The director has displayed all the dialogues in a very simple and fluid manner based on economic terms. It is also possible to point out the crisis formation in the organization and the reversal process of directors’ decisions away from addiction. In the end, after displaying individual conflicts among individuals, holding numerous meetings, reviewing all the opinions, decisions, and competitive strategies as well as the organization’s survival, it has been shown people’s reaction in times of crisis, and Decision making as well. In addition, the lack of innovation in organizational decisions when overcoming the difficulties and all decisions made by executives showed the primacy of organizational and individual interests over the interests of other stakeholders, which were its weaknesses. Ultimately, this film is recommended for Business Professional Ethics Training to Students in this field.
Philosophy
FathAli Akbari; Malakeh Pandjoo
Abstract
Danishnama-yi ‘Ala’i (The Book of Knowledge for ‘Ala’ al-Dawla) in Persian, Mola publication in 1394, consists of a preface written by Manouchehr Sadoughi Saha, besides four parts; logic, Elme Zirin (Tabiiyyat), Music, and Elme Barin (Theology). This publication does ...
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Danishnama-yi ‘Ala’i (The Book of Knowledge for ‘Ala’ al-Dawla) in Persian, Mola publication in 1394, consists of a preface written by Manouchehr Sadoughi Saha, besides four parts; logic, Elme Zirin (Tabiiyyat), Music, and Elme Barin (Theology). This publication does not include any sections of geometry, charts, and arithmetic. The arrangement of the sections of this work (Mola publication) is in contrast to the intended order of Ibn Sina. Because the special taste of Ibn Sina in the Alaii encyclopedia is that Elme Zirin is to be placed before the Elme Barin and mathematical sections; while, in this work (Mola publication) this feature is taken from the encyclopedia and the Elme Barin follows logic and is posed before music and Elme Zirin. Footnotes of Mohammad Moein in the science section of the book_retrieved from the book published by Anjoman Asar-e Meli, Tehran, 1331_contain references that unfortunately in Mola publication are cited falsely and incorrectly, in contrast to the publication of Anjoman Asar-e Meli. The present study seeks to analyze and criticize the weaknesses and strengths of this manuscript.
Foreign Languages
Hadi Dolatabadi
Abstract
Criticism of books and authors’ works is aimed at creating dynamics in the academic, literary, and academic circles and can, if neutral and constructive, lead to progress, dialogue between experts, and improved efficiency. In the field of academic books, this can also lead to deficiencies and complete ...
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Criticism of books and authors’ works is aimed at creating dynamics in the academic, literary, and academic circles and can, if neutral and constructive, lead to progress, dialogue between experts, and improved efficiency. In the field of academic books, this can also lead to deficiencies and complete writing of works. The Book of French Poetry by the Honorable Shahnaz Shahin and Mahvash Ghavimi, published by the University Academic Press, has been published in 2000 and has been reviewed and edited in 2004. Designed with an academic audience to teach undergraduate and postgraduate courses in French literature, the book has some drawbacks, despite its clear writing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the writing and presentation of this book’s material and to address some of the shortcomings, mainly in the form of the arrangement of contents within the book’s chapters, the citation system, and the examples presented from a formal point of view. The content commentary refers to the overemphasis on French poetic form and the lack of a comprehensive introduction of French poets and their influential works.
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Mahmoud Jafari-Dehaghi
Abstract
The book of Twelve Ancient Texts is the result of years of research and follow-up by Bijan Gheiby in ancient Iranian texts, especially Middle Persian texts. In each of the articles, the author first presents the sources and then deals with the Pahlavi text, transliteration, translation of the text, lexical ...
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The book of Twelve Ancient Texts is the result of years of research and follow-up by Bijan Gheiby in ancient Iranian texts, especially Middle Persian texts. In each of the articles, the author first presents the sources and then deals with the Pahlavi text, transliteration, translation of the text, lexical notes, and explanation of the ambiguities of the text. This book includes a report on twelve short pahlavi texts such as Wizārišn ī čatrang, mādayān ī yōšt ī Yošt ī Fryān, māh ī Farvardin…, ayādgār ī zarīrān, āmadan ī šāh Bahrām ī warjāwand, Sūr ī saxwan, xwēškārīh ī rīdagān, Rēdakān, Farroxnāmag, čim ī kostīg, āfrīn ī žardšt. This book is very important because of its careful translation of texts and commentaries and the author’s valuable notes. However, the above-mentioned authorship is not without significant shortcomings in terms of scientific principles and methods in correcting and translating ancient texts. These shortcomings have sometimes damaged the principle of authorship. What has seriously damaged the whole collection is the lack of critical correction of the Pahlavi texts; that is, comparing of the manuscripts, transliteration and transcription of the texts, and the mention of the differences in the manuscripts. Obviously, without such a method, reliable translations of the texts cannot be obtained.
Philosophy
Sayyed Hossein Hosseini
Volume 13, Issue 29 , June 2014, , Pages 43-62
Philosophy
SOMAYEH rafigi; Muhammad Asghari
Abstract
This article tries to analyze the content of the book Phenomenology of Perception by Merleau-ponty critically. Therefore, having considered the importance of this work in the formation of the concept of Phenomenology in the author’s own period, we regard the role of this book in the following ...
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This article tries to analyze the content of the book Phenomenology of Perception by Merleau-ponty critically. Therefore, having considered the importance of this work in the formation of the concept of Phenomenology in the author’s own period, we regard the role of this book in the following trend of Phenomenology. In introducing the author of this work, Maurice Merleau-ponty, we point out to the disadvantages of Phenomenology by Husserl from the viewpoint of Merleau-ponty. This paper, also, studies the translation of this book in English (since the original work was in French); so, the translator of the work; i. e., Colin Smith (1914-1990), will be introduced. The major part of this article is dedicated to the Content Analysis of this work, critically review its translation, and criticize the conceptual analytical status of the book itself. In the proceeding sections, we focus on the chronological order of the book, the sufficiency of resources, accuracy in references and citations, the form, and the language of the work, which is to some extent difficult. At last, in the conclusion, we mention the central importance of this work for some majors such as Philosophy in the post-graduate degrees, and even its permeation into the fields of Art, Medicine, and Nursing.
History
Hamidreza Peighambari; Hasan Alahyari
Abstract
The study of marine history is one of the important cases in historical research. However, insufficient research has been done in this field in Persian language, and it was frequently investigated by non-academic writers. “The Atlas of Ports and Maritime History of Iran” is compiled by a ...
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The study of marine history is one of the important cases in historical research. However, insufficient research has been done in this field in Persian language, and it was frequently investigated by non-academic writers. “The Atlas of Ports and Maritime History of Iran” is compiled by a group of researchers supervised by two professors in the history field. In general, this article, as a review paper, tries to identify and scrutinize the strengths and weaknesses of the book in addition to improving its scientific quality for the future issues. To sum up, the comprehensiveness and utilization of various sources and research by using useful maps, clear illustrations, and sufficient tables can be proposed as the strengths of the book, while the dispersion and heterogeneity of the content and disaffiliation of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea section with the Caspian Sea section are the major weaknesses of the book.
Archaeology
Javad Hoseinzadeh Sadati
Abstract
“Archaeological Approaches to Technology” by Heather Margaret-Louise Miller, professor at the University of Toronto is truly an updated survey on technology and crafts in archaeology that witnesses the hard efforts of the author. A critical review of the Persian translation of the book will ...
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“Archaeological Approaches to Technology” by Heather Margaret-Louise Miller, professor at the University of Toronto is truly an updated survey on technology and crafts in archaeology that witnesses the hard efforts of the author. A critical review of the Persian translation of the book will lead us to improve future translations in this area of study. To do this critical review, the author of this paper first read the whole book in a precise way and then made some notes over those parts of the book that were necessary in terms of contents or in editorial aspects. Then to correct some downsides, it was necessary to compare the Persian translation with the original texts, and finally some suggestions have been made for improving the translation. One of the most notable aspects of the book is its wide references over different areas of studies in each section. This could be very useful for graduate students who seek to work on crafts and technology in archaeology. Persian translation of the book has been done in a good way by Vahid Asgarpoor, assistant professor of Art at University of Tabriz, a young and active archaeologist. From the technical point of view, the book is printed and edited in a professional way, the combination of which with its simple translation would probably satisfy the readers. The biggest shortage of the translation is that the translator sticks too much to the main texts and its structure in a way that in some parts of the book the grammar is more like the original language than to Persian.
Economy
Narges Hajimoladarvish
Abstract
The Fundamentals of behavioral economics and finance by Ali Saidi and Seyed Mohamad Javad Farhanian was first published in 2012 and the second edition was out in 2015. While the book covers a wide variety of subjects in behavioral economics and finance, it fails to logically connect the materials together ...
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The Fundamentals of behavioral economics and finance by Ali Saidi and Seyed Mohamad Javad Farhanian was first published in 2012 and the second edition was out in 2015. While the book covers a wide variety of subjects in behavioral economics and finance, it fails to logically connect the materials together within a broader context. The authors neither provided theoretical foundations nor investigated applied aspects of behavioral economics and finance systematically. Furthermore, a good deal of materials is translated from English. The authors provide a list of behavioral biases followed by prescriptions to fight against them without proofing that increasing information cause behavior change. This is not consistent with an evidence-based approach to behavioral economics and finance. Moreover, the existence of personal and unproven prescriptions in the book is simply unscientific that undermines the credibility of behavioral economics and finance.
Linguistics and Ancient Languages
Reza Amini
Volume 16, Issue 41 , January 2017, , Pages 45-67
Abstract
This is a review article of the book “Sociolinguistics (Language Planning of Persian and Linguistic Attitudes)’’ by Negar Davari Ardakani, with the cooperation of Azardokht Jalilian. To do so, form and content of the book are reviewed critically. In those parts of the book which contain ...
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This is a review article of the book “Sociolinguistics (Language Planning of Persian and Linguistic Attitudes)’’ by Negar Davari Ardakani, with the cooperation of Azardokht Jalilian. To do so, form and content of the book are reviewed critically. In those parts of the book which contain results of the fieldworks of the main writer of the book, there seems to be important and useful points and findings for language planning of Persian. Regarding the form, some of the important shortcomings of the book are lack of attention to the conventions of orthography and punctuation of Persian and ignoring rules of giving reference to the resources. Regarding the content, lack of attention to the cohesion and coherence of whatever is discussed in the book can be easily understood. In addition, there are several cases of repetitions of the same materials in different parts of the book. Also, some parts of the texts being like a translated text, questionable equivalents selected for some of the non- Persian terms and words, and in some cases, unacceptable quantity of the materials quoted from other writers are among the other shortcomings of the book.
political science
Mohammad Reza Agharebparast
Volume 16, Issue 41 , January 2016, , Pages 45-57
Abstract
AbstractThis paper tries to analyze and criticize “Diplomacy Lessons” written by john Brady Kiesling. The book can be considered as a diary of an unsatisfied American Diplomat how resigned after the violent American-led invasion of Iraq. In fifteen chapters, Kiesling tried to study ...
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AbstractThis paper tries to analyze and criticize “Diplomacy Lessons” written by john Brady Kiesling. The book can be considered as a diary of an unsatisfied American Diplomat how resigned after the violent American-led invasion of Iraq. In fifteen chapters, Kiesling tried to study different aspects of the foreign policy issues, criticizing American foreign policy especially in the Bush terms. Despite the fact that the writers experiences makes the book a first handed reference for researchers and the clear and narrative style of the writer is an advantage, but his sever devotion to idealism which is widely criticized in theory and practice along with lack of conceptual and theoretical backgrounds can be considered the main disadvantages of this book.
History
Hossein Pendar
Volume 18, Issue 1 , April 2018, , Pages 45-67
Abstract
The book "Europe since Napoleon" is a thorough book regarding liberal European history (not European liberal history) written by David Thomson, an English liberal-political philosopher, whose negligence of a significant point challenges his historical attitude on European history despite his insistence ...
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The book "Europe since Napoleon" is a thorough book regarding liberal European history (not European liberal history) written by David Thomson, an English liberal-political philosopher, whose negligence of a significant point challenges his historical attitude on European history despite his insistence on a liberalist stance in explaining, criticizing and reviewing an integrated history of Europe, which takes its historical heritage from unifying elements. Thomson believes that understanding modern "European history" is only possible through studying the pervasive forces that have been influential on its formation from Britain to the Balkans over time. Therefore, he emphasizes a broad range of factors such as population growth, industrialization, overseas development, democracy, socialism and nationalism, and the war-revolution relationships. Thomson investigates these factors, not country by country, but step by step in the spirit of Europe whole, until its civilization and culture formation over the last two centuries. However, scrutinizing the above statement indicates Thomson's negligence of the set of factors that pave the way for a modern Europe.
Arabic Language and Literature
Es’haagh Rahmaani; Esma’il Ashraf
Volume 18, Issue 4 , August 2018, , Pages 45-57
Abstract
Constructive criticism has asignificant impact on the scientific development which leads to the flourishment of the country’s whole wealth, i.e. its technology. As the emergence, revolution, and maturity of the Arabic language can be regarded as the problems which demand a particular heed, the ...
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Constructive criticism has asignificant impact on the scientific development which leads to the flourishment of the country’s whole wealth, i.e. its technology. As the emergence, revolution, and maturity of the Arabic language can be regarded as the problems which demand a particular heed, the research therein also seems very valuable. In this paper, the book “A’taTawor A’naHwi Le’loghate Al’Arabiy” written by Bergeshter Eser(1994) and researched and translated by Ramazaan AbdA’ta’waab has been put into criticism. Besides mentioning other semiotic languages such as Hebrew, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Habashi, this book has studied the Arabic syntax from the historical and linguistic viewpoints. Through the quantitative and qualitative analyses, it was understood that the book seeks two major objectives: first, studying the Arabic syntax from the historical viewpoint, that is, in terms of emergence, major letters, types of the sentence, the basic [of the language], and the changes applied to it over time; second, studying it structurally, which occurs in the linguistic scope. On the whole, this book has paved the way for the development of the Arabic syntax. In addition, it could reasonably be suggested that this book be included into the curriculum of Arabic language and literature at the PhD level for the course of Research into Arabic Word Formation and Syntax especially in Iran’s universities.
Jurisprudence and Law
Majid Banaei Oskoei
Volume 18, Issue 5 , September 2018, , Pages 45-66
Abstract
The commercial documents, as the paying mean of noncash, have a special position in the relationship between merchants, and many law books have discussed these issues. The third volume of the commercial law book has been written by an honorable author from different aspects such as Issuing, Transferring, ...
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The commercial documents, as the paying mean of noncash, have a special position in the relationship between merchants, and many law books have discussed these issues. The third volume of the commercial law book has been written by an honorable author from different aspects such as Issuing, Transferring, Paying and other subjects that are related to commercial documents. The present critique takes into account known standards and characteristics to assess and criticize the book. As a result, it aimed to identify its weaknesses and strengthens, and improve the quality of future studies. Of the most important defects of the book are lack of legal analysis and innovation. The present book, just provides a summative explanation of legal articles, and it fails to take into consideration other sources except the acts, so it is hoped that the suggestions of the present critique improve the quality of this book.
Foreign Languages
Hadi Baharloo; Moihammad reza Mohammadi; Mahin Soleimani
Abstract
This research is dedicated to the analysis of Russian-Persian dictionaries standardization in terms of the observance of microstructure and macrostructure criteria in lexicography. The obvious note in this study is to use the criteria of dictionary standardization in Russian lexicography for analyzing ...
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This research is dedicated to the analysis of Russian-Persian dictionaries standardization in terms of the observance of microstructure and macrostructure criteria in lexicography. The obvious note in this study is to use the criteria of dictionary standardization in Russian lexicography for analyzing Russian-Persian dictionaries. In lexicography, the structure of dictionaries is divided into two main sections: microstructure and macrostructure. For each of these sections, relevant requirements have been defined. Macrostructure contains the general structure of dictionaries. For the bilingual dictionaries, macrostructure includes order of headwords, preface, instructions, abbreviations list, grammatical information, and appendixes. The microstructure of dictionary is general structure of the dictionary entry. For bilingual dictionaries, this is headword, phonetic information, grammatical information, discrimination of meaning, semantic information, equivalents and the references. Dictionary, which is based on the standard criteria of macrostructure and microstructure, is called a standard dictionary. In this research, the principles and criteria for dictionary compiling are first gathered from Russian references, then on their bases, we examine the three most commonly used Russian-Persian dictionaries in Iran in terms of compliance with these standards. Three analyzed Russian-Persian dictionaries are: "Russian-Persian dictionary" edited by I. K. Ovchinnikova, "Russian-Persian dictionary" by G. A. Voskanyan and "Russian-Persian dictionary" by S. D. Klevtsova.
