Foreign Languages
Gholamhossein Shahini; Mojtaba Nazari
Abstract
Given the role culture plays in second/foreign language learning, paying attention to cultural content in language teaching textbooks is of great importance. In the current study, using qualitative content analysis, the way cultural issues are presented in the first three volumes of the two series of ...
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Given the role culture plays in second/foreign language learning, paying attention to cultural content in language teaching textbooks is of great importance. In the current study, using qualitative content analysis, the way cultural issues are presented in the first three volumes of the two series of Let’s Learn Persian and Top Notch was evaluated based on 20 questions in Hatoss’ cultural model. The findings indicate that “Top Notch” series showed a better performance than “Let’s Learn Persian” series in reflecting cultural pluralism, cultural dynamicity, up-to-date cultural norms, explicit and direct teaching of cultural norms, and inviting L2 learners to ponder over cultural norms. Moreover, issues like pragmatic competence, non-linguistic inputs, semiotics, and deep and surface culture were similarly treated in the two series. Besides, abstract cultural issues were not dealt with in the two series and the prevalent teaching method was cognitive than experiential. And finally, given the introduction of different cultures, intercultural communications are mirrored more in “Top Notch” than “Let’s Learn Persian”.
Foreign Languages
Reza Kiani
Abstract
The welfare and social security system in our time, due to the developments and global conditions, has faced various crises and challenges. For this reason, recognizing the crises and harms of the social security system and adopting policies to deal with those crises are among the important issues in ...
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The welfare and social security system in our time, due to the developments and global conditions, has faced various crises and challenges. For this reason, recognizing the crises and harms of the social security system and adopting policies to deal with those crises are among the important issues in social welfare research. Having a favorable level of social welfare for citizens is considered to be one of the characteristics of a developed society and the result of extensive developments in the development system of countries because this issue plays an important role in the state of benefiting from welfare services and economic security of the entire society. One of the most important scientific sources for understanding the state of social security systems is the reports prepared, compiled and published by the International Union of Social Security. Recently, in a book entitled "Ten Global Challenges of Social Security", this organization has explored and examined the challenges of the social security system on a macro level and proposed policies to deal with that challenge. In this article, in line with this report, the concepts, policies, indicators and criteria mentioned in this important book have been examined and the challenges facing the country's social security system have been presented and examined.
Foreign Languages
Abbas Mehrpooya; Negar Nowroozzadeh
Abstract
This paper is a critical study of two Persian translations of Oscar Wilde’s playscript “Salomé”, which brings under study the issue of textual manipulations in translating the mentioned playscript from a textological viewpoint. It is to be said that the selection of the two translations ...
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This paper is a critical study of two Persian translations of Oscar Wilde’s playscript “Salomé”, which brings under study the issue of textual manipulations in translating the mentioned playscript from a textological viewpoint. It is to be said that the selection of the two translations under study, one by Abdollah Kowsari and the other by Abolhasan Tahami, has been based on the feature of the popularity of either the translator or the publisher and the choice of the typological items included in this study has been made on the basis of comparing the texts of both Persian translations with the original English version of the playscript “Salomé” published in 1894. The central question in this study addresses the ways by which the source text of the playscript has been manipulated in the two Persian translations, a question whose answer has been sought in three overall patterns of 1) elimination of certain parts of the English text in translation 2) addition of certain parts to the translated text and 3) distorting the stylistic patterns of the text, by looking into a sample of problematic items detected in the texts of both translations. Examining the samples drawn out in this study is suggestive of translational manipulation in both translated texts, and supports the finding that the effort by the two translators at rendering this literary playscript has made the Persian versions of the work undergo a range of undue distortions in the textual level as compared with the English text; what has brought about the textual transmogrification of the work in translation.
Foreign Languages
Jeiran Moghaddam Charkari
Abstract
Today, postcolonial discourse is considered as one of the most important approaches to the humanities, including translation studies. Confronting the hierarchical structure imposed by discourses with symbolic, repressive power to marginalize and take away the voice of the discourses which lack such power ...
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Today, postcolonial discourse is considered as one of the most important approaches to the humanities, including translation studies. Confronting the hierarchical structure imposed by discourses with symbolic, repressive power to marginalize and take away the voice of the discourses which lack such power has turned into a battle to regain this lost voice of the "other". One of the fighting ways is creating hybrid literature as a part of Resistance literature in which the "other" is present in the text with its own language and its own self without transformation. Along with the creators of hybrid texts, one of the most critical front lines of this battle belongs to the translators who are involved in a consistent challenge as social activists. On one hand with the text and on the other hand with the target community's structure which aims to maintain the existing hierarchical structure. In this article, after having defined hybrid texts, we will try to present strategies for active translators in the battle against eliminating the minority in the world of capitalist discourse, by providing translation examples of the Chicano language, the language of Mexican immigrants in the U.S.A.
Foreign Languages
Abutaleb Iranmehr; Seyyed Ali Ostvar Namaghi; Hossein Davari
Abstract
English language teaching in MA level, which is considered as one of the most popular majors in the Iranian academic setting with a five-decade life, has experienced three programs so far. The latest program, which was adopted in 2016 by the Council for the Transformation and Promotion of the Humanities, ...
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English language teaching in MA level, which is considered as one of the most popular majors in the Iranian academic setting with a five-decade life, has experienced three programs so far. The latest program, which was adopted in 2016 by the Council for the Transformation and Promotion of the Humanities, became operational from the beginning of the 2017-18 academic year, after three decades of the implementation of the second program, and is supposed to be revised after five years. Due to the importance of such a belated change in the program, this article attempts to critically examine and analyze the views of twelve faculty members working in state universities, which are operating this field of study, through participatory model. The findings, which have been analyzed in three categories including a) course titles, b) syllabi, and c) resources, indicate that in addition to the significant advantages of the new program in terms of attention to new subjects, revision of goals and syllabi, more attention to the Iranian context, etc., there are still noticeable shortcomings such as course titles, the selection and presentation of the syllabi as well as the suggested resources. Based on the findings, the authors conclude that the micro and macro goals of the program will not be achieved without due attention to such weaknesses. Finally, some suggestions have been proposed regarding the revision and improvement of the program.
Foreign Languages
Fatemeh Bayatfar; Najmeh Shobeiri; Abbasali Vafaei
Abstract
The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard ...
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The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard to the verbs of the book El Libro de Los Abrazos and its Persian translation, first the cause of disagreement about verb structure, then the way out of them provide an appropriate comparative classification of verb properties in both languages. During the research, it was found that the main reason for the disagreement about the structure of the verb is related to the type of division of language morphemes by the experts and the position of the preposition in it. After reviewing, we put the preposition below the lexical morpheme and considered the result of noun / adjective / adverb / verb / preposition+ verb as "compound verb" and the result of noun / adjective / adverb + derivative verbs as "derivative verb". In addition to providing a comparative division of verb structure in two languages and removing ambiguities about derivative and compound verbs, it became clear what the reason for the frequency of compound verbs in Persian compared to Spanish was.
Foreign Languages
Simin Sattarpour; Assef Khalili; Maryam Zeinolabedini
Abstract
Book evaluation is considered a prerequisite to developing or republicating educational books. Therefore, utilizing an evaluation checklist, 12 university professors, selected through purposive and convenience sampling, evaluated two ESP books in nursing, published by Oxford University Press and SAMT. ...
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Book evaluation is considered a prerequisite to developing or republicating educational books. Therefore, utilizing an evaluation checklist, 12 university professors, selected through purposive and convenience sampling, evaluated two ESP books in nursing, published by Oxford University Press and SAMT. The findings of the qualitative analysis revealed that the book published by SAMT, no longer seems suitable for today's students. Quantitative analysis indicated that Mean score given to SAMT’s book was significantly lower than Oxford’s. Despite the lack of visual appeal and audio-video files, little variety in the teaching and testing methods, with the old reading-oriented approach, without paying attention to phonetics and grammatical issues, and being far from the language teaching theories, this book has recently been republished for the nineteenth time. Although the problems underlined in SAMT’s book are not observed in the Oxford’s, this book is not error-free, either. It does not fully meet the needs of Iranian students since its major focus is on language use in the career-related contexts with an equal attention to all skills. This comparison can help the authors and syllabus designers in the field of nursing to prepare, compile, and edit books, using the strengths of the existing books.
Foreign Languages
Reza Taherkhani; Hashem Sharafi
Abstract
Since textbooks are one of the main learning resources in any curriculum, evaluating them for the benefit of the author and the audience, as well as their effect on students’ performance is an essential and valuable undertaking. This article evaluates English for the Students of Fabric and Garment ...
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Since textbooks are one of the main learning resources in any curriculum, evaluating them for the benefit of the author and the audience, as well as their effect on students’ performance is an essential and valuable undertaking. This article evaluates English for the Students of Fabric and Garment Design and Sewing Technology book authored by Akram Nasher (2017), from English for Specific Purposes (ESP) books series. To this end, the book was evaluated based on Mahmoodi and Ahmadisafa’s model (1393). Also, according to the model and for the purpose of gaining experts’ views in the field, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with three Fabric and Garment Design experts from Art, Al-Zahra and Science and Culture Universities of Tehran. The results indicated that despite problems and shortcomings in the texts, exercises and activities, the book has enough educational adequacy and can be used as a source of Specific English. At the same time; however, it requires serious revision in order to eliminate the existing deficiencies. To fulfill this need, the researchers and experts have made useful suggestions
Foreign Languages
Mohammad Amin Mozaheb
Abstract
In Europe, in the early twentieth century, especially during and after World War I, colonial powers such as Britain witnessed their colonies fighting and protesting against the colonial rule. In Ireland, meanwhile, in April 1916, a nationwide uprising called Easter Uprising against British colonial rule ...
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In Europe, in the early twentieth century, especially during and after World War I, colonial powers such as Britain witnessed their colonies fighting and protesting against the colonial rule. In Ireland, meanwhile, in April 1916, a nationwide uprising called Easter Uprising against British colonial rule took place. Although the colonialists suppressed the uprising, the aftershocks of that were reflected in Irish society and literature. As the national poet of Ireland, William Butler Yeats opposed the British colonial discourse in his aesthetic world, and in his poems by creating a mythical world, he was able to reflect the important issues of his time and oppose the colonial system. Therefore, in this study, using the postcolonial reading, an attempt has been made to draw a picture of Yeats’ policy of resistance in the poem “Easter, 1996” and several other works of this Irish poet. This study also shows how the process of decentralization in “Easter 1916” leads to a deconstruction of colonial power and the defense of the Irish people.
Foreign Languages
Nasimeh Nouhi Jadesi; Alireza Rasti
Abstract
The present study is the result of a content analysis on the book Testing English Language Skills, From Theory to Practice written by Farhady, Jafarpour, and Birjandi. This book is one of the most widely-used textbooks selected by language instructors for the testing courses of TEFL, Translation, and ...
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The present study is the result of a content analysis on the book Testing English Language Skills, From Theory to Practice written by Farhady, Jafarpour, and Birjandi. This book is one of the most widely-used textbooks selected by language instructors for the testing courses of TEFL, Translation, and English literature majors. Using McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’s (2013) textbook evaluation framework, the authors carried out both internal and external evaluations of the claims made by the authors in the preface of the book. The claims included: using lucid language, comprehensive coverage, a desirable organization of the materials presented and a direct relevance to the Iran’s context. Furthermore, the textbook was also analyzed based on its physical appearance, content, and methodology. The strengths and weaknesses in each domain were categorized and presented. At the end, some recommendations have been made to the authors, in case of any future editions of the textbook by the authors.
Foreign Languages
Rajab Esfandiari
Abstract
Given the significant role of quantitative data in theory building in language assessment, the need for a book covering data analysis methods is strongly felt. The two-volume book, Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment (Fundamental Techniques and Advanced Methods), edited by Vahid Aryadoust ...
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Given the significant role of quantitative data in theory building in language assessment, the need for a book covering data analysis methods is strongly felt. The two-volume book, Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment (Fundamental Techniques and Advanced Methods), edited by Vahid Aryadoust and Michelle Raquel and published by Routledge fills this gap. The first volume entitled Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment: Fundamental Techniques was published in 2019, and the second volume by the title of Quantitative Data Analysis for Language Assessment: Advanced methods was published in 2020. The present study is critical in goal, qualitative in methodology, and emergent in analysis. The book is comprehensive in scope and content, includes high-quality, well-written chapters follows a coherent style of writing, and is rich in the number of quantitative data analysis methods. The book has some limitations, including inexplicitness of criteria for selection of quantitative data methods and failure to include more common traditional methods. The book can generate further research in this subfield of applied linguistics, expand the subfield, and contribute to theory building in language assessment. Postgraduate students, L2 assessment practitioners, and researchers are strongly advised to read this invaluable edited book.
Foreign Languages
Nahid Akbarzadeh; Janolah Karimi Motahhar
Abstract
The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were the time for the formation of new schools of art in Europe. The rise of realism was the result of fundamental changes in the understanding of the world and a fundamental revision of the relationship between man and the world. In post-labor Europe, ...
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The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were the time for the formation of new schools of art in Europe. The rise of realism was the result of fundamental changes in the understanding of the world and a fundamental revision of the relationship between man and the world. In post-labor Europe, the approach of writers and poets, previously based on reason (classics) or on individual fantasies (romantics), changes dramatically and the individual's confrontation with his surroundings became the main subject of this literary school. Realism portrayed the collective feelings and realities around it. This literary school was divided into different branches, including magical realism, bourgeois, critical, surrealism, and so on. The traces of this literary school are also evident in the works of Iranian writers. Iran underwent fundamental political, social, and cultural changes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Therefore, literary movements in Iran have undergone important changes. Following the Constitutional Revolution, land reform, the entry of the printing industry, translation of literary works, etc., the language and style of writing in Iran changed. Folk, fluent, simple, and humorous language replaced the court and official language. Short stories, footnotes, and socio-historical novels replaced didactic literature and mystical theology.
Foreign Languages
Hamideh Behjat
Abstract
A look into the history of the literature of the ancient nations reveals that epics are the most fundamental works. Major role players of such epics are the heroes who have their roots in the unconscious beings of a collection of human beings and their existence provides a response to man’s wishes, ...
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A look into the history of the literature of the ancient nations reveals that epics are the most fundamental works. Major role players of such epics are the heroes who have their roots in the unconscious beings of a collection of human beings and their existence provides a response to man’s wishes, aspirations, and needs. Therefore, hero-making is a phenomenon well inside man’s innate. The Indo-European tribes and then Iranians and Germans are no exception. This has resulted in such glorious epics as Shahnameh and The Song of the Nibelungs. This book has a special status in German Literature. The valuable work marks the national treasure and cultural heritage of the German language. This study tries to draw a critique and investigate the book in order to contribute to its better and more identification while encouraging Persian language scholars and literary figures to read the work. This research is the first in its kind to briefly introduce of “The Song of the Nibelungs”. After providing a concise summary of the story, this study explains concepts of the episode and epic and related history. Then while offering a careful investigation of the issue, this study criticizes the structure and content of this epic and identifies the episodic and historical elements of the work.
Foreign Languages
Fatemeh Bayatfar; Najmeh Shobeiri
Abstract
Quality assessment of literary texts translation has always been irregular since some theorists believe that faithful translation to the original text is impossible. Therefore, through time, various theories for literary texts assessment have been created. In this paper with the comparative study of ...
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Quality assessment of literary texts translation has always been irregular since some theorists believe that faithful translation to the original text is impossible. Therefore, through time, various theories for literary texts assessment have been created. In this paper with the comparative study of the value system of Lorca's "The moon" romance discourse and its Persian translation by Shamloo, has been emphasized the importance of discourse and context in the analysis and translation of literary texts, via investigating the factors such as assumption, previous background, utterances, the principle of cooperation, connection and coherence and theme. Besides, it has been shown that to what extent the translator could remain faithful to the source text by observing the discourse and context of the target language; as in this way Shamloo in the translation of “The moon” romance, has preserved all the linguistic coherence and also established rhetorical coherences except in one case. Therefore, by assuming that we know the necessity of paying attention to the discourse and context of the source-language and target-language in translation, Shampoo’s translation of “The moon” romance could be considered a faithful translation to the original text.
Foreign Languages
Ali Bayat
Abstract
One of the poems of Armaghan-e- Hejaz collection is “Majlis-e- Iblis”. Iqbal's famous poem, which is generally taught in master's courses in Urdu language and literature. In this poem, Allama Iqbal has well exposed the conspiracies of the devilish system against Muslims. Explaining and studying ...
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One of the poems of Armaghan-e- Hejaz collection is “Majlis-e- Iblis”. Iqbal's famous poem, which is generally taught in master's courses in Urdu language and literature. In this poem, Allama Iqbal has well exposed the conspiracies of the devilish system against Muslims. Explaining and studying the content of this system not only exposes the sinister intentions of the enemies of Islam, but also it articulates the weaknesses of Muslims. In addition, Iqbal's thoughts and philosophy are well expressed and the art of Allama Iqbal is that he has succeeded well to express a subject with such seriousness beautifully in poetic language and that the audience remains influenced by its content and form for a long time. Certainly, Iqbal's stay in England and the study of philosophy and thought played the most important role in prevailing the philosophical and political circles of that country, in preparing him to find out problems and difficulties of the Islamic world and effective factors in causing these problems and difficulties during his intellectual maturity. He composed such a poem in perfect beauty.
Foreign Languages
Rezvan Hasanzadeh
Abstract
The present article reviews and examines the methods of teaching Russian motion verbs and provides quality strategies for teaching this category of the Russian language in our country's universities within the framework of the Russian language teaching course as a foreign language. The results of the ...
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The present article reviews and examines the methods of teaching Russian motion verbs and provides quality strategies for teaching this category of the Russian language in our country's universities within the framework of the Russian language teaching course as a foreign language. The results of the present article, which are the result of studying new methods of teaching the Russian language, show that one of the most important measures that should be done by the teacher, especially at the beginning of the teaching, is to create a correct and objective image of Russian language as a foreign language and goals. The main thing is in the minds of language learners. Learners should know from the beginning that the language they are about to learn, especially at the beginning, will be slightly different from the languages of the languages in which it is considered their mother tongue. Therefore, in the present article, based on the teaching of motion verbs in the Russian language and the many problems that language learners have in the practical and applied learning of this language category, qualitative solutions to the teaching of motion verbs are proposed. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical and it uses the data and results of teaching methods used in lesson sessions related to teaching motion verbs over several years.
Foreign Languages
Mostafa Hosseini
Abstract
Johnson and Sa’di: Two Intimate Strangers, written by Helen Ouliaeinia, is a very useful work in the realm of Persian-English comparative literature. It deals with the unorthodox structural and thematic similarities (and somehow differences) between Johnson’s The History of Rasselas, Prince ...
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Johnson and Sa’di: Two Intimate Strangers, written by Helen Ouliaeinia, is a very useful work in the realm of Persian-English comparative literature. It deals with the unorthodox structural and thematic similarities (and somehow differences) between Johnson’s The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia and S’adi's Golestan. She tries to show documentarily that Johnson’s Rasselas has been probably influenced both structurally and thematically by the great Persian poet and writer Sa’di of Shiraz. The present book falls within the realm of the French school of comparative literature, especially “influence studies”. The present paper is composed of three major sections. The first section introduces the author and his seminal book. The second part tries to discuss the book in terms of formal features. Here, typographical errors and some stylistic shortcomings are highlighted. The last section deals with the content of the book. At the end of this part, some points are suggested to enrich the text. To sum up, it is too difficult to accept the author’s claims about Johnsons’ influences.
Foreign Languages
Hossein Davari; Saeed Nourzadeh; Ailin Firoozian Pouresfahani; Ghodrat Hassani
Abstract
After around three decades of implementing the BA program in English translator training approved in 1990 which was accompanied by many serious criticisms, finally, in 2017, its revised version was approved and implemented. This revised program first aims at enhancing the students' language skills and ...
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After around three decades of implementing the BA program in English translator training approved in 1990 which was accompanied by many serious criticisms, finally, in 2017, its revised version was approved and implemented. This revised program first aims at enhancing the students' language skills and their translation competence and then making the major more specialized. Due to the importance of this considerable revision, in this paper, the researchers attempted to study and evaluate the program through the attitudes of ten faculty members from seven universities offering this major. The findings revealed that in their opinion, while the program has been considerably improved regarding some factors such as integrating up-to-date courses, paying attention to applied and local needs, attending to the Persian language, paying attention to new technologies and introducing various new references, it suffers from some weaknesses with regard to some courses, their syllabi, the proposed sources, and the prerequisites. In their opinion, with such weaknesses, the program will face challenges both in the process of its implementation and in achieving its aims.
Foreign Languages
Alireza Rasti
Abstract
The present research aimed at analyzing the book Principles and Methodology of Translation in terms of its formal characteristics, content, and methodology, using the critical library research method in general and McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’s (2013) textbook evaluative framework in particular. ...
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The present research aimed at analyzing the book Principles and Methodology of Translation in terms of its formal characteristics, content, and methodology, using the critical library research method in general and McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’s (2013) textbook evaluative framework in particular. The findings showed that, despite the groundbreaking nature of the book, in terms of the methodology, the book does not adhere to any one linguistic theory in a systematic way, and that it presents some concepts in a rather food-recipe fashion. Content-wise, the book does not offer any big picture of the science and practice of translation, its domain, and history. Some suggestions are finally made in an attempt to enhance the quality of the book.
Foreign Languages
Hassan Zokhtareh
Abstract
The introduction of The Idea of Literature. From ‘Art for Art’s Sake’ to Writings That Intervene, the last book by Alexandre Gefen, starts with dedicating the Nobel Prize in Literature to Bob Dylan in 2016 that caused controversial reactions. In Gefen's view, the reason for all these ...
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The introduction of The Idea of Literature. From ‘Art for Art’s Sake’ to Writings That Intervene, the last book by Alexandre Gefen, starts with dedicating the Nobel Prize in Literature to Bob Dylan in 2016 that caused controversial reactions. In Gefen's view, the reason for all these disagreements is the restrictive and aesthetic perception of the concept of literature which has dominated literary critique and theories in academic places from the nineteenth centuriy. In accordance with his previous works, he talks about the revival of literature and the necessity to redefine of the idea of literature, opposing all those who have been shouting for crises of discredit, decay, or even death of contemporary literature, since the beginning of the twenty-first century. In this book, he tries to present a descriptive approach of Contemporary Activist Literature and uses countless references to sources to confront it with autonomous and self-reflective literature in six areas. This essay is first trying to explore the Gefen's functionalist conception of contemporary literature which is very American and then compare it with the ideas of other scholars to find out the implications of Gefen's approach to literature, including the emergence of forms of moral criticism and ideological censorship.
Foreign Languages
Mavadat Saidi; Soheila Nasiri
Abstract
English for academic purposes materials primarily focus on developing and enhancing the university students’ reading skills. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the reading comprehension questions in the old and new generations of EAP textbooks published by SAMT. To this end, the reading ...
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English for academic purposes materials primarily focus on developing and enhancing the university students’ reading skills. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the reading comprehension questions in the old and new generations of EAP textbooks published by SAMT. To this end, the reading comprehension questions in ten EAP textbooks (five old and five new) were identified and categorized in light of Freeman’s (2014) taxonomy. The results indicated that almost half of the questions were related to the Content category in the old textbooks while the highest frequency in the new ones belonged to the Language questions. Moreover, Lexical and Implicit comprehension types were the most frequent questions in both old and new textbooks. With regard to the Affect category, the evaluation type was the most common one. The results of Chi-square tests also revealed a significant difference between old and new EAP textbooks in terms of the frequency of content and language questions while no significant difference was found considering the effect questions. The findings of the current study carry pedagogical implications for EAP course design and material development.
Foreign Languages
Maryam Shafaghi; Asghar Ghodrati
Abstract
Administrative correspondence is one of the standard Persian languages that has its own writing characteristics in terms of vocabulary, fixed structural and style stereotypes. Teaching such a style of language use, especially teaching language as a foreign language (based on the example of teaching Persian ...
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Administrative correspondence is one of the standard Persian languages that has its own writing characteristics in terms of vocabulary, fixed structural and style stereotypes. Teaching such a style of language use, especially teaching language as a foreign language (based on the example of teaching Persian to Russian speakers in the subject of research) has its own characteristics and methodological solutions. Reading and translating the text of Persian administrative correspondence has difficulties for Russian speakers because of the following reasons: first, the tendency towards Arabicism in correspondence, second, the change of the meaning of some Arabic words adopted in Persian, and third, the characteristic of flattery extremism as an expression of politeness in Persian correspondence. All these reasons have made it more difficult for foreigners to read and understand the basic text of administrative and commercial correspondence. Although the book Persian Language - Correspondence and Business Documents written by Habib Najafov, is a valuable treasure of the collection of administrative and commercial correspondence between Iran and the Soviet Union/ Russian Federation, at the same time it has its drawbacks and the absence of a Persian-language editor in reviewing the texts of the "conversation" section, the use of incorrect stylistic applications in the language under the influence of frequent errors of Persian speakers, teaching the use of words in the language, which have become obsolete, such as "concerning the superiors" are some of them.
Foreign Languages
Zeinab Sadeghi Sahlabad
Abstract
In this article, while examining Chekhov's latest story entitled The Lady Bride, the author's views on the issue of women in the last stages of her literary development are examined. To understand Chekhov in this regard, one must be aware of the historical context in which the work was created. Also, ...
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In this article, while examining Chekhov's latest story entitled The Lady Bride, the author's views on the issue of women in the last stages of her literary development are examined. To understand Chekhov in this regard, one must be aware of the historical context in which the work was created. Also, while examining the story, the symbolism of the name of the work and the name of its hero, the special fate of the hero and the reason for the open end of the story have been examined. Chekhov created the story at a time when Russia was undergoing rapid changes and it was time to open new doors to the future, but there was still no clear vision for the future, yet the author hoped for a young force and its impact on the country's destiny. And this issue is quite visible in his latest work. The present study answers the question of who is Chekhov's ideal female heroine. Chekhov's ideal female protagonist was different from other Russian writers. If at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Decembrist women who went into exile with their husbands were considered the ideal women of Russia, in the late nineteenth century, women who were able to determine their own destiny were the ideal women of society.
Foreign Languages
Reza Taherkhani; Fateme Mottaghi
Abstract
Globalization has led to changes in the conceptual meaning of culture, one of which is the perception of people towards language in EFL contexts. Critical evaluation of teaching materials is a vital step in improving the status of the books, especially for the future. Therefore, the current study aims ...
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Globalization has led to changes in the conceptual meaning of culture, one of which is the perception of people towards language in EFL contexts. Critical evaluation of teaching materials is a vital step in improving the status of the books, especially for the future. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the English book entitled «Prospect 2» in terms of its cultural aspects. This newly-published book is used to teach English for 8th graders in Iran. In this study, experienced English teachers in Hamedan were interviewed, using Kilickaya's (2004) questions. The results were qualitatively analyzed using Dörnyei's (2007) model. The results revealed that this book is localized to a considerable degree, and the cultural aspects of the book are about the local culture of Iran. Consequently, considering the interrelationship between language and culture, totally omitting the cultural features of the language would lead to incomplete knowledge of the language students are learning.
Foreign Languages
Reza Kiani
Abstract
Among the books of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, the famous Indian thinker and writer, there is a book that has serious differences with his other works, and it is really brilliant. This book is called Dolarani and Khezer Khan, despite its great cultural and social significance, it is an anonymous work in Iran. ...
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Among the books of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, the famous Indian thinker and writer, there is a book that has serious differences with his other works, and it is really brilliant. This book is called Dolarani and Khezer Khan, despite its great cultural and social significance, it is an anonymous work in Iran. In this work, Amir Khosrow, while telling a love story, has briefly narrated how Islam was spread and expanded by the kings of the Ghori dynasty in India. There are important sources from the spread of Islam to Iran, but perhaps we have read and heard less about its spread to other countries, especially those with strong indigenous and patriotic civilizations. In this work, while narrating one of the Indian emotional stories, special attention is paid to the changed social, political and even cultural conditions of that time in India. The purpose of this study is to introduce and recognize this lesser known but important work, and to recognize the content by emphasizing its social paradigms. Documentary and library methods have been used to obtain the results. Findings show us that the new religion has changed some of the beliefs, traditions and social rituals of the people of that land, such as marriage in a Muslim way, attention to marriage and family formation within a group, and so on.
