نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی کاربردی، گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی، واحد علی‌آباد کتول، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، علی‌آباد کتول، ایران

چکیده

در دورانی که جهانی‌شدن اقتصادی، فرهنگی، و آموزشی روزبه‌روز درحال رشد و توسعه است، ضرورت دست‌رسی به چهارچوبی منسجم و جامع برای آماده‌سازی و آموزش معلمان به‌وضوح احساس می‌شود. در کتاب حاضر، چهارچوبی بدیع و کاملاً نو معرفی شده است که با استناد به آن معلمان آینده‌نگر را می‌توان به نیروهای متفکر راه‌بردی، پژوهش‌گران اکتشافی، و معلمان تحول‌آفرین تبدیل کرد. مهم‌ترین انگیزۀ نویسنده برای ارائۀ این مدل چندواحدی اشاره به توان‌مندی معلمان برای نظریه‌پردازی آن‌چه در عمل انجام می‌دهند و به مرحلۀ عمل‌ رساندن نظریه‌هایشان بوده است تا با استناد به آن‌ها بتوانند به شناختی کلی دربارۀ رویدادهای کلاس‌های درس زبان خارجی برسند. مؤلفه‌ها و ویژگی‌های ارزش‌مندی مثل اهداف صریح و آشکار، دانش تخصصی، قدرت تحلیل، ساختار مدون، و اصطلاح‌های مرجع، و نثر سلیس این اثر را به‌‌ منبعی مستند و معتبر در حوزۀ آموزش معلمان زبان خارجی برای مقاطع تحصیلات تکمیلی، پژوهش‌گران، دانشجویان، معلمان فعال، و مدرسان برجسته می‌کند. باوجوداین، مدل حاضر به مسائلی هم‌چون هوش هیجانی، هوش چندگانه، هوش اجتماعی، تمایل به برقراری ارتباط، نوازه، کاربردشناختی اجتماعی و کاربردشناختی زبانی، نیازهای تکنولوژی‌محور، و انگلیسی برای اهداف ویژه اشاره نکرده است. نکات دیگری درمورد جنبه‌های ظاهری، ساختاری، و محتوایی این اثر قابل‌ذکر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Critical Review of Language Teacher Education for a Global Society: A Modular Model for Knowing, Analyzing, Recognizing, Doing, and Seeing

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Derakhshan 1
  • Farzaneh Shakki 2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

2 PhD Student, Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language Teaching, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran

چکیده [English]

There seems to be a crying necessity for a coherent and comprehensive framework for teacher preparation in these times of growing economic, cultural, and educational globalization. This book introduces a state of-the-art model for developing prospective and practicing teachers into strategic thinkers, exploratory researchers, and transformative teachers.  The main driving force for conceptualizing this modular model is to empower teachers to theorize what they practice and practice what they theorize by providing a scaffold for them to build a holistic understanding of what happens in the language classroom. Some outstanding features, encompassing meritorious objectives, comprehensive technical knowledge, expansive rigor of analysis, consolidated structure, catchy terms of reference, highly user-friendly academic texts make this book an authentic reference for  postgraduate students, researchers, practicing teachers, teacher educators in pre-service as well as in-service program. However, the present model fails to take into account some important features, including emotional intelligence, multiple intelligence, social intelligence, willingness to communicate, stroke, sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic competence, technology-based needs, and ESP. More comments with regard to appearance, structure, and content are in order. Furthermore, we highlight the strengths, point to some weaknesses, and provide some suggestions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Language Teacher Education
  • Knowing
  • Analyzing
  • Recognizing
  • Doing
  • Seeing
احمدی صفا، محمد و مجتبی فراهانی (1394)، «پرورش توانش بینافرهنگی در پراسپکت یک براساس دیدگاه معلمان زبان انگلیسی به‌عنوان زبان خارجی»، پژوهش‌نامة انتقادی متون و برنامه‌های علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، دورۀ 15، ش 36.
محمودی، محمدهادی و محمد احمدی‌ صفا (1393)، «ارزش‌یابی الگومحور کتاب‌های انگلیسی با اهداف خاص (ESP)»، پژوهش‌نامة انتقادی متون و برنامه‌های علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، دورۀ 14، ش 32. 
Atai, M. R., and M. Fatahi - Majd (2014), “Exploring the Practices and Cognitions of Iranian ELT Instructors and Subject Teachers in Teaching EAP Reading Comprehension”, English for Specific Purposes, vol. 33, no. 1.
Bar ‐ On, R., D. Tranel, N. L. Denburg, and A. Bechara (2003), “Exploring the Neurological Substrate of Emotional and Social Intelligence”, Brain, vol. 126, no. 8.
Brumfit, C. (2001), Individual Freedom in Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carroll, J. B. (1990), “Cognitive Abilities in Foreign Language Aptitude: Then and Now”, In Language Aptitude Reconsidered, T.S. Parry and C.W. Stansfield (eds.), Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Regents.
Crichton, J., and A. Scarino (2007), “How Are We to Understand the Intercultural Dimension”, Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 30, no. 1.
Crooks, G. (2009), Values, Philosophies, and Beliefs in TESOL, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (1985), Intrinsic Motivation and Self - Determination in Human Behavior, New York: Plenum.
Dudley - Evans, T., and M. J. St Johns (1998), Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A Multi - Disciplinary Approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edge, J. (2011), The Reflexive Teacher Educator in TESOL, New York: Routledge.
Gagné, A., C. Schmidt, and P. Markus (2017), “Teaching about Refugees: Developing Culturally Responsive Educators in Contexts of Politicised Transnationalism”, Intercultural Education, vol. 28, no. 5.
Gardner, H. E. (2000), Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, London: Hachette UK.
Goleman, D. (2006), Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Publishers.
Grossman, P., K. M. Hammerness, M. McDonald, and M. Ronfeldt (2008), “Constructing Coherence: Structural Predictors of Perceptions of Coherence in NYC Teacher Education Programs”, Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 59, no. 4.
Hedayati, H. F., and S. S. Marandi (2014), “Iranian EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of the Difficulties of Implementing CALL”, ReCALL, vol. 26, no. 3.
Johnson, K. E., and P. Golombek (2002), Teachers’ Narrative Inquiry as Professional Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnston, B. (2003), Values in English Language Teaching, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (1994), “The Postmethod Condition: (E) Merging Strategies for Second/ Foreign Language Teaching”, TESOL Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2001), “Toward a Postmethod Pedagogy”, TESOL Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 4.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003), Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for Language Teaching, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006), Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2008), Cultural Globalization and Language Education, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lankshear, C., and M. Knobel (2004), A Handbook for Teacher Research, McGraw-Hill Education (UK), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lestariningsih, F. E. (2018), “AK (Plus One) ARDS Modular Model to Improve Non - English Department English Teachers' Competences in a Higher Education”, Journal of Education and Learning, vol. 12, no. 2.
Locastro, V. (2003), An Introduction to Pragmatics: Social Action for Language Teachers, Michigan: Michigan Press.
MacIntyre, P. D., Z. Dörnyei, R. Clément, and K. A. Noels (1998), “Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation”, The Modern Language Journal, vol. 82, no. 4.
Mahmoodi, M. H., and I. Moazam (2014), “Willingness to Communicate (WTC) and L2 Achievement: The Case of Arabic Language Learners”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 98.
Martínez - Flor, A. (2004), “The Effect of Instruction on the Development of Pragmatic Competence in the English as a Foreign Language Context: A Study Based on Suggestions”, Retrieved in July 2018 from:
Maslow, A. H. (1970), Motivation and Personality, (2nd ed.), New York: Harper and Row.
Medgyes, P. (2013), “A Review of Language Teacher Education for a Global Society: A Modular Model for Knowing, Analyzing, Recognizing, Doing and Seeing”, Language and Education, vol. 27, no. 5.
Motteram, G. (2013), Innovations in Learning Technologies for English Language Teaching, London: British Council.
Pennycook, A. (1989), “The Concept of Method, Interested Knowledge, and the Politics of Language Teaching”, TESOL Quarterly, vol. 23, n. 4.
Pishghadam, R. (2009), “A Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Foreign Language Learning”, Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, vol. 6, no. 1.
Pishghadam, R., and G. H. Khajavi (2014), “Development and Validation of the Student Stroke Scale and Examining its Relation with Academic Motivation”, Studies in Educational Evaluation, vol. 43, no. 2.
Pishghadam, R., and M. Karami (2017), “Probing Language Teachers’ Stroking and Credibility in Relation to their Success in Class”, Alberta Journal of Educational Research, vol. 63, no. 4.
Sadler, R., and M. Dooly (2016), “Twelve Years of Telecollaboration: What We Have Learnt”, ELT Journal, vol. 70, no. 4.
Salovey, P., and J. D. Mayer (1990), “Emotional Intelligence”, Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, vol. 9, no. 3.
Senior, R. M. (2006), The Experience of Language Teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Serres, M. (2004), The Parasite, R. Lawrence and Schehr (trans.), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1990), Aspects of Language Teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Woods, D, (1996), Teacher Cognition in Language Teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Yashima, T. (2002), “Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: The Japanese EFL Context”, The Modern Language Journal, vol. 86, no. 1.